Mass mortality of common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in the Dutch Wadden Sea, winter 1999/2000: starvation in a commercially exploited wetland of international importance

Mass mortality of common eiders (Somateria mollissima) was observed in winter 1999/2000 in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Approximately 21,000 common eiders died. Dissected birds were severely emaciated and 94% were infected with the acanthocephalan parasite Profilicollis botulus. Green shore crabs (Carcinus maenas), intermediate hosts of the parasite, were slightly more ‘available’ than in other years, but parasite infections in the eiders were close to normal. Few eiders were oiled (5%), there were no toxicological, bacteriological, or virological explanations for the observed mortality.In the Wadden Sea, a wetland of international importance, mussel (Mytilus edulis) cultures occur in sublittoral areas, while mechanical cockle (Cerastoderma edule) fisheries are licensed annually after evaluation of available resources. The wintering eiders in 1999/2000 required c. 3.1 million kg ash-free dry mass, while information on mussel and cockle stocks (irrespective of accessibility and profitability) suggested a resource 4.7× the requirement of common eiders only. Food shortage is suggested to have caused the observed mortality, involving both principal (mussels and cockles) and secondary (Spisula) prey.Winter census reports showed shifts in wintering distribution of common eiders in the 1990s, indicating the utilisation of Spisula in the North Sea in poor food years in the Wadden Sea. Following particularly intense fisheries in summer 1999, attempts to feed on Spisula in winter 1999/2000 failed. It is hypothesised that overfishing of mussels and cockles in the Wadden Sea in the early 1990s resulted in structurally reduced food resources, contractions of the foraging area of common eiders, and increased use of secondary prey in the North Sea.     

调节安对棉花各器官亚显微结构的影响

 调节安（1.1-Dimethylmorpholinium chloride）是一种新型植物生长调节剂，经连续3年试验示范证明，用调节安浸种和叶面喷施能使植株叶片变绿增厚、生长稳健、蕾大、花大、降低脱落率、提高成铃率，具有明显的增产效果。沿着植株对水分和营养的吸收、运输、光合产物的制造、运输和贮藏途径，用扫描电镜观察各器官的关键部位（根、叶、叶柄、蕾柄、花丝等）细胞亚显微结构的变化特征是：有关输导组织变得更加发达，营养贮藏细胞内含物增多，叶片表面气孔密度大大提高，栅栏组织增厚、变密。这些结构变化是调节安增进植株各个器官功能的结构依据。     

Feeding ecology of dominant demersal fish species <Emphasis Type="Italic">Favonigobius gymnauchen,Repomucenus</Emphasis> spp. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tarphops oligolepis</Emphasis> at a sandy beach where larval Japanese flounder settle in the Seto Inland Sea,Japan

ABSTRACT:   Feeding habits of Favonigobius gymnauchen , Repomucenus spp. and Tarphops oligolepis were examined during the period from May to August in 1999, 2000 and 2001 at a sandy beach in the central Seto Inland Sea, Japan. The three species of fish accounted for more than 60% of all fish collected in terms of number of individuals. All three species mainly consumed small crustaceans. However, the major prey of F .  gymnauchen and Repomucenus spp. differed from that of T .  oligolepis . F .  gymnauchen and Repomucenus spp. mainly consumed mysids and small crangonid shrimp (<12 mm in body length), which predominated in the study area. T .  oligolepis actively selected only epifaunal mysids Nipponomysis ornata and avoided crangonid shrimp and gammarids . The frequencies of occurrence of fish in the guts of the three dominant species were very low, and larval and juvenile Japanese flounder were not observed in any of the three fish species. The diet of juvenile Japanese flounder was similar to that of the three species. From these results, it appears that these three fish are competing species for the flounder.     

Integrating remote sensing in fisheries control

Abstract  To complement existing fishery control measures, in particular the Vessel Monitoring System (VMS), a pilot operational system to find fishing vessels in satellite images was set up. Radar is the mainstay of the system, which furthermore includes fully automated image processing and communication protocols with the authorities. Different image types are used to match different fisheries – oceanic, shelf and coastal. Vessel detection rates were 75–100% depending on image type and vessel size. Output of the system, in the form of an overview of vessel positions in the area highlighting any discrepancies with otherwise reported positions, can be at the authorities within 30 min of the satellite image being taken – fast enough to task airborne inspection for follow up.     

Daily rations and food availability of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus,small flounder Tarphops oligolepis and sand goby Favonigobius gymnauchen at a sandy beach in the central Seto Inland Sea,Japan

ABSTRACT:     To estimate the daily rations of Paralichthys olivaceus , Tarphops oligolepis and Favonigobius gymnauchen and to clarify diel variation in food availability to them, diel sampling was conducted over a 24-h period at a sandy beach in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. The mean total length and body weight (BW) of P. olivaceus , T. oligolepis and F. gymnauchen were 32.6 mm (0.35 g), 23.7 mm (0.13 g) and 50.2 mm (1.03 g), respectively. The mean stomach contents index and percentages of stomachs with food were high during the day but low at night, indicating that these species are day-feeders. Paralichthys olivaceus and F. gymnauchen consumed mainly mysids and crangonids, whereas T. oligolepis fed chiefly on mysids. The estimated mean daily rations (95% confidence intervals) for P. olivaceus , T. oligolepis and F. gymnauchen made with the bootstrap method were 18.1 (9.3–31.3)%BW, 13.2 (7.9–24.3)%BW and 3.7 (1.7–7.4)%BW, respectively. Mysids were more abundant in the near-bottom layer during the day than at night, but the opposite was true for crangonids.     

厄尔尼诺现象对闽南-台湾浅滩渔场灯光围网渔业影响的研究

本文通过对1993-2003年的Nino3、Nino3.4区的海水表层温度(SST)和闽南-台湾浅滩渔场灯光围网作业的中上层鱼类年总产量和年平均单位产量,进行线性回归分析并经F检验,得出它们在α=0.05的水平上回归效果显著的结论(F＞Fα=0.05).其中,Nino3的海水表层温度与闽南-台湾浅滩渔场灯光围网作业中上层鱼类年总产量的相关关系R=0.7225,Nino3.4区的海水表层温度与闽南-台湾浅滩渔场灯光围网作业中上层鱼类年总产量的相关关系R=0.6685;Nino3的海水表层温度与闽南-台湾浅滩渔场灯光围网作业中上层鱼类年平均单位产量的相关关系R=0.6319,Nino3.4区的海水表层温度与闽南-台湾浅滩渔场灯光围网作业中上层鱼类年平均单位产量的相关关系R=0.6541.这种关系的找出,今后可以通过美国国家海洋和大气局(NOAA)提前一年预测的NINO区海表温度数据,为闽南-台湾浅滩渔场灯光围网作业渔情预报建立简便可靠的新方法.     

舟山渔场渔业资源动态解析

研究了1952－2001年舟山渔场渔获量和单位捕捞努力渔获量的变动，结果表明舟山渔场渔获量和单位捕捞努力渔获量的变动可分离为确定性趋势和平稳随机序列，进而用确定性趋势模型和ARMA（pq)模型叠合，建立了舟山渔场渔业资源的动态模型。并对舟山渔场渔业资源变动的阶段性和资源的利用现状进行了讨论，提出了资源管理的措施。     

Confidentiality over fishing effort data threatens science and management progress

Understanding the effects of fishing fleets on both target and non‐target species and managing these effects are essential to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) for marine ecosystems. The use of high resolution fishing effort data in environmental studies has allowed significant scientific progress with respect to the environmental impacts of real fishing fleets and provided a more realistic perspective on the wider ecological consequences of fishing disturbance. A new EU council regulation and its interpretation, aimed at protecting the confidentiality rights of individual fishers, are currently hampering scientific access to this high‐resolution effort data and thus are endangering the provision of management advice based on best available knowledge. This study argues that the withholding of this information will seriously undermine the quality and accuracy of scientific output and ultimately damage fishers' livelihoods through poorly advised management. Furthermore, the council regulation runs contrary to the EU's initiative for greater transparency and its commitment to implement an ecosystem approach to fisheries management and the preservation of ecosystem services. The interpretation of the new EU council regulation by local administrations can thus only be viewed as a significant step back from these aims. Ultimately, while trying to protect fishers' rights it may work to their disadvantage and that of society.     

烟梗组织结构与吸水性关系的研究

[目的]研究烟梗组织结构与吸水性的关系,为烟梗利用率的提高提供理论依据。[方法]采用石蜡切片法制作烟梗组织切片,称重法测定烟梗吸水率,分析了不同产地、不同年份的烟梗组织结构及其吸水性。[结果]同一年份不同产地的烟梗吸水性可能与髓腔、导管等组织结构有关,而与产地关系不大;同一产地不同年份的烟梗吸水性与年份呈负相关。[结论]烟梗的吸水性与其组织结构、生长年份关系密切,该研究为烟梗资源的充分合理利用提供了科学依据。     

The oak gallwasp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphelonyx persica:</Emphasis> a new record from Turkey,with some new host records

A new record is reported of the oak gallwasp Aphelonyx persica on oaks (Quercus cerris, Q. ithaburensis, Q. trojana) in the Inland Aegean Region of Turkey. This species is recorded for the first time on Q. cerris and Q. trojana. Details are given of the geographical distribution, hosts and phenology.