桃3种砧木次生木质部导管分子性状比较

为桃树抗寒砧木的选择提供参考依据,采用组织离析、显微照相与生物计量统计法,检测并比较了山桃(Prunus davidiana)(SP)、毛桃(P.persica)(MP)和珲春桃(P.persica cv.Hun-chun-tao)(HP)3种桃砧木根与茎导管分子形态和大小。结果表明,3种桃砧木导管分子性状相比较,根与茎导管分子侧壁次生增厚和木质化的方式、纹孔式、穿孔板类型以及其根一端具尾的导管分子比例基本相似,其茎导管分子均具有螺旋加厚现象,但是,两端具尾、一端具尾、两端无尾、两端倾斜、一端倾斜和两端水平的导管分子比例以及导管分子的长度与直径、根与茎导管分子长度与直径的比率均存在差异。     

Vital population statistics of the exploited eel stock on the Swedish west coast

The population dynamics and exploitation of the yellow eel (Anguilla anguilla (L.)) stock on the Swedish west coast were studied. In contrast to a generally observed reduction in the recruitment of glass eels in Europe, including in Swedish waters, there was no indication of a decline in the total eel fishery yields along the Swedish west coast. Long-term records of daily catches as well as by test fishing results also shown that this stability in eel fishery yields has not been maintained by an increase in fishery effort, as the catch-per-unit-efforts in the past 20 years have been more or less unchanged. These findings implied that the number of recruits to the fishery has been rather stable, possibly indicating that density-dependent factors at the elver and yellow eel stages may moderate variations in glass eel recruitment. Total instantaneous rate of mortality was estimated from records on eel length distribution in the professional fyke-net fishery. The estimated total mortality rate in an isolated archipelago population on the west coast was chosen as an approximation of the instantaneous rate of natural mortality and net emigration in the west coast eel stock. The differences between these two estimates could, thus be regarded as the mortality that occurred due to fishing. It was found that the eel fishery was very intense and most fish were caught in small sizes, resulting in a low escapement rate of maturing fish.     

Elemental analysis of otoliths of Japanese anchovy: trial to discriminate between Seto Inland Sea and Pacific stock

The ability to discriminate local stocks of Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus was assessed based on data from four elements (K, Na, P, and Sr) using an electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA) and data from three elements (Ba, Mn, and Sr) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) from the otoliths of 40 anchovy (23.6–47.0 mm body length). Anchovy were caught at three sites (Aki-nada, Hiuchi-nada, and Osaka Bay) in the Seto Inland Sea, and one site (Kuroshio extension) in the Pacific Ocean in 2002. In order to discriminate different spawning grounds, EPMA data from the core portion (from core to 30 μm in the core-posterior axis) were used. Results showed that it was difficult to discriminate between the Seto Inland Sea and the Pacific anchovy by EPMA data. Conversely, it was possible to discriminate between the Seto Inland Sea and the Pacific anchovy by ICP-MS data from bulk otoliths. Our results showed that Mn contents of otoliths using ICP-MS discriminate between spawning grounds most, and Ba and Sr discriminate less. The difference in elemental compositions in anchovy otoliths between the Seto Inland Sea and the Pacific Ocean might be reflected by cumulative experienced elemental composition of ambient sea water during life history between the Seto Inland Sea and the Pacific anchovy.     

Water circulation induced by mechanical aerators in a rectangular vessel for shrimp aquaculture

A water streamer was designed for the purpose of enhancing cost-efficient circulation between the water surface and bottom of shrimp aquaculture ponds. We took direct measurements of the water current field induced by the designed aerator in a large rectangular reservoir of dimensions (L)50 × (W)19 × (D)1.3 m³ and compared the results with those of a standard Taiwanese paddle-wheel aerator. Vertical circulation between the surface and the bottom induced by the paddle wheel aerator was less than that by the designed aerator. Furthermore, the paddle-wheel aerator consumed more electric power than the designed aerator. The structures of water current induced by the two aerators are elucidated, and the advantages and disadvantages of the aerators are discussed.Auxiliary employment of the designed aerators may contribute to delivery of high DO water throughout the pond, which is more efficient than a paddle wheel aerator.     

鳄梨导管分子及穿孔板观察研究

运用细胞图像分析系统及显微照相的方法,观察研究鳄梨次生木质部导管分子。结果发现,鳄梨次生木质部导管分子中存在着许多不同的样式,并且导管分子穿孔板存在着6种类型:①两端均为一个单穿孔板;②一端为一个单穿孔板,另一端为梯状穿孔板;③两端均为梯状穿孔板;④一端为梯状穿孔板,另一端为奇特样式穿孔板;⑤两梯状穿孔板分别位于同一导管分子相对的侧壁互相对应;⑥一单穿孔板和一梯状穿孔板分别位于同一导管分子相对的侧壁互相对应;还存在一些过渡类型。管间纹孔式为互列纹孔式,导管射线间纹孔式为横列、纵列刻痕状纹孔式。部分导管分子侧壁具有纹饰。分别对其进行了描述,并从导管分子个体发育与系统发育的角度进行了讨论。     

刺五加导管特征及其与刺五加苷B·E含量相关性的分析

[目的]分析不同产地刺五加导管特征及其与刺五加苷B、E含量的相关性。[方法]以不同产地刺五加的1年生根、茎为试材,石蜡切片法制片,测定导管周长、面积,HPLC法测定刺五加苷B、E含量。[结果]刺五加根中导管平均面积、周长分别为986.89μm2、141.08μm,茎中导管平均面积、周长分别为362.48μm2、88.46μm,不同产地刺五加根、茎中导管的周长、面积差异显著。刺五加茎中刺五加苷E含量与茎中导管面积呈显著相关。[结论]导管面积、周长可以作为鉴定刺五加产地来源的指标,茎中导管面积可作为茎中刺五加苷E含量的早期鉴定指标。     

Global marine yield halved as fishing intensity redoubles

There is widespread concern and debate about the state of global marine resources and the ecosystems supporting them, notably global fisheries, as catches now generally stagnate or decline. Many fisheries are not assessed by standard stock assessment methods including many in the world's most biodiverse areas. Though simpler methods using widely available catch data are available, these are often discounted largely because data on fishing effort that contributed to the changes in catches are mostly not considered. We analyse spatial and temporal patterns of global fishing effort and its relationship with catch to assess the status of the world's fisheries. The study reveals that fleets now fish all of the world's oceans and have increased in power by an average of 10‐fold (25‐fold for Asia) since the 1950s. Significantly, for the equivalent fishing power expended, landings from global fisheries are now half what they were a half‐century ago, indicating profound changes to supporting marine environments. This study provides another dimension to understand the global status of fisheries.     

黄藤材导管壁木质素分布可见光谱分析

以我国特有的黄藤为研究对象,对不同生长时期导管壁木质素分布及质量分数、细胞壁微区上木质素分布规律等进行研究,探寻木质化程度与其性质间关系,提高我国棕榈藤资源高附加值加工利用水平.结果表明:轴向向下,导管细胞壁中S基木质素质量分数先增后减,而S基和G基木质素总量整体呈下降变化趋势.径向由外向内,导管壁中S基木质素质量分数...     

基于AHP的渔港防波堤布置综合评价研究

渔港防波堤的布置关系到渔港的避风能力、建设投资和运营效果。合理的平面布置方案不仅可以大大减少工程量,而且有利于提升渔港的避风能力和减少使用期间的维护工作。为了对渔港防波堤平面布置方案作出科学客观的评价,本文针对渔港防波堤布置的影响因素,从社会、经济和环境角度出发,建立评价指标体系,并采用层次分析法(AHP)建立综合评价量化模型。通过工程实例验证表明,该模型具有一定的可行性和适用性。     

Estimating rates of mortality in stocks of Metapenaeus macleayi in estuaries of eastern Australia

Estimating rates of mortality is important for assessing stocks and for effectively managing seafood resources. This study reports the first estimates of rates of instantaneous fishing mortality (F) and natural mortality (M) for the commercially important school prawn, Metapenaeus macleayi. Replicated tag-recapture experiments were conducted on two stocks (Clarence River and Wallis Lake) to estimate the catchability coefficient (q) and F, whilst M was estimated from meta-analyses. Experiments were conducted across spatial and temporal scales to consider variability between stocks and variability between fisheries targeting this resource. The catchability coefficient was fitted to tag-recapture data in a population model across a range of M values (0.001-0.025 per day) and average daily F values were calculated. Values of q ranged between 2.03E−04 and 5.43E−02 and, 1.29E−04 and 3.41E−03 for the Clarence River and Wallis Lake stocks, respectively. Average daily F ranged between 2.86E−03 and 1.69 for the Clarence stock and 1.71E−03 and 3.44E−02 for the Wallis stock. With one exception (the November 2004 experiment) there were no differences in q and F values between experiments conducted on the Wallis Lake stock. For the Clarence stock values of q and F varied between years and within years. Factors thought to contribute to this variability were changes in prawn behaviour, differences in sizes of prawns tagged between experiments and differences in the survival of tagged prawns. The catchability coefficient for the Clarence River stock was weakly correlated to greater rates of river discharge. Estimates of F for the Wallis stock, the Clarence stock in 2004-05 and estimates of M were comparable to those reported for other penaeid fisheries world wide. There was no consistent pattern in comparisons of q and F values between the predominantly trawling operation of the Clarence River fishery and the seine netting of the fishery in Wallis Lake.