Distribution and abundance of resting cysts of the toxic Alexandrium spp. (Dinophyceae) in sediments of the western Seto Inland Sea, Japan

Sediment samples were collected from 135 stations in the western part of the Seto Inland Sea (Iyo Nada, Suo Nada, Beppu Bay, Tokuyama Bay, Hiroshima Bay, Aki Nada, Hiuchi Nada and Bingo Nada) to determine the horizontal distribution and abundance of resting cysts of Alexandrium spp. ( A. tamarense  +  A. catenella ). Enumeration of the cysts was performed using the primuline-staining direct count method. Cysts of Alexandrium spp. were rarely found in Iyo Nada, Suo Nada and Beppu Bay, but were widely distributed in Tokuyama Bay, Hiroshima Bay, Aki Nada, Hiuchi Nada and Bingo Nada. Cyst concentrations ranged from not detected (ND) to 14, ND to 17, ND to 4, 93 to 8137, 8 to 4454, ND to 6, ND to 18 and 4–29 cysts/cm³ wet sediment in Iyo Nada, Suo Nada, Beppu Bay, Tokuyama Bay, Hiroshima Bay, Aki Nada, Hiuchi Nada and Bingo Nada, respectively. The majority of cysts occurred in Tokuyama Bay and Hiroshima Bay, where higher densities were observed in the inner bay and along the coastal margin. Relatively higher cyst concentrations were observed at stations with a higher mud content. The abundance of Alexandrium spp. cysts in western Seto Inland Sea is lower than in the eastern Seto Inland Sea, except for Tokuyama Bay and Hiroshima Bay. However, because sporadic blooms of Alexandrium have been observed, continuing monitoring is necessary to prevent paralytic shellfish poisoning outbreaks in this area.     

Variability in coral reef fish baseline and benchmark biomass in the central and western Indian Ocean provinces

1. Reef fish biomass is increasingly recognized as a key indicator of fishery and biodiversity status linked to ecosystem integrity on coral reefs, and yet the evaluation of appropriate baselines for biomass, and what drives variation in potential baselines, is sparse.
2. Variability in reef fishable biomass was assessed to test for the existence of baselines or benchmarks (B&Bs), based on field studies of 223 reef sites in remote uninhabited reefs, in high-compliance closures of >5 km², and among the increasing number of small and recent closures.
3. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of human habitation, travel time and distance to cities, habitat, depth, benthic cover, and environmental variables on fish B&Bs.
4. There were large differences in the three categories of ‘no fishing’, with human habitation being the single best predictor of biomass. In remote areas without people (>9 hours of travel time), fish biomass had a mean of 2,450 kg ha^–1 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 2,130–2,770 kg ha^–1; median = 1,885 kg ha^–1).
5. In these remote areas, biomass was weakly associated with human travel time to the site and, to a lesser extent, wave energy. In high-compliance closures, fish biomass peaked at 20 years and 5–10 km², and levelled at 910 kg ha^–1 (95% CI 823–989 kg ha^–1) for both closure age and size. There was little evidence that human travel time and environmental factors influenced biomass greatly in these established closures. In small and recent closures (<15 years), habitat, depth and closure age were the best predictors of fish biomass.
6. Based on the weakness of environmental factors, country or site-specific B&Bs are not required in these two provinces. However, human habitation in the seascape as well as the size and age of closures set limits to the maximum achievable biomass. The importance of environmental factors increases as the no-fishing areas and closure times decline. Reef wilderness is not widespread in these provinces, but provides key services and therefore needs to be included in conservation and fisheries policy and management goals.

     

干旱区内陆河流域中游低湿草地蒸散特征

以气象观测资料为基础,采用波文比能量平衡法(BREB)对低湿草地的蒸散进行了估算。结果表明,在一个完整年度内,试验地蒸散量(ET)为611.5mm,日均1.67mm。在牧草不同生长季节,ET变化剧烈,非生长期、生长初期、生长中期、生长末期分别为0.57mm/d、2.01mm/d、3.82mm/d和1.49mm/d,蒸散量分别占全年蒸散总量的18.26%、9.20%、61.83%和10.71%。ET月变化显示,从3月开始草地蒸散量有所增大,6月牧草进入生长中期后蒸散量迅速增大,到7月蒸散量达到最大,9月牧草进入生长末期,蒸散急剧减小;随着牧草生长终结和土壤冻结,蒸散量逐步减小,在11月中旬到次年2月蒸散基本停止。蒸散的日内变化规律显示,草地蒸散开始于早晨7:00～8:00,13:00左右达到最大,19:00～20:00蒸散趋于0。晴天蒸散强度远大于阴天。     

Unlocking the potential of protected areas for freshwaters

Declining trends in the integrity of freshwater systems demand exploration of all possible conservation solutions. Freshwater protected areas have received little attention, despite the prominence of protected areas as conservation interventions for terrestrial and more recently marine features. We argue that a dialogue on freshwater protected areas has been neglected both because few models of good protected area design exist, and because traditional notions of protected areas translate imperfectly to the freshwater realm. Partly as a result of this conceptual disconnect, freshwaters have been largely ignored in protected area accounting schemes, even though a number of existing freshwater conservation strategies could qualify according to general protected area definitions. Rather than impose terrestrially-motivated ideas about protected areas onto freshwaters, we propose new vocabulary - freshwater focal area, critical management zone, and catchment management zone - that can be used in conjunction with IUCN protected area categories and that recognize the special ecological dynamics of freshwaters, and in particular the critical role of fluvial processes. These terms, which attempt to diffuse concerns about locking away essential ecosystem goods and services, move us toward consideration of protected areas for freshwaters. This conceptual shift, which acknowledges that freshwater conservation may occur remotely from freshwater features, opens the door for improved integration of freshwater, terrestrial, and marine concerns in protected area design and management.     

Entanglement of monofilament fishing lines and coral death

This study examined the extent of damage by monofilament fishing lines on the cauliflower coral (Pocillopora meandrina) colonies at a popular cast fishing site in Oahu, Hawaii in March 1998. Sixty-five percent of coral colonies had fishing lines on their surface, and 80% of colonies were either entirely or partially dead. The percentage of entirely and partially dead colonies was positively correlated with the percentage of colonies entangled with fishing lines. Percent dead coral surface area was larger for colonies with fishing lines than colonies without fishing lines. In colonies with fishing lines, percent dead coral surface area was positively correlated with percent area with fishing lines. The high incidence of coral colonies with fishing lines and the three sets of significant results indicated destructive effects of monofilament fishing lines to P. meandrina corals. There is thus a clear case that reefs should be protected not only from the effects of excessive removal of fishes, but also from the effects of unsuccessful fishing that results in fishing-line entanglement on corals.     

围滩养鱼 改良盐土

根据水盐运行规律，运用土壤水力学、农业生态学和能量物质转换的原理，进行围滩养鱼，加速排盐，继而实施鱼（水）粮（旱）交替，同时，饲料（饲　草）经过畜、禽、鱼多级过腹利用后入池肥土，达到了土体脱盐速度快、土壤培肥效果好、综合经济效益高的良好效果．加速江苏滩涂开发利用，对发展全省的经济有着极为重要的意义．     

林芝地区国内游客购物行为实证研究

文章以消费者购物行为基本模式——刺激—反应模式作为研究的理论基础,通过对林芝国内游客购物行为采用问卷调查的方式进行实证调查,得出从商品特色、商品质量、促销方式、购物环境等方面的提升来刺激消费者购物行为。     

Links between sex change and fish densities in marine protected areas

Sex change is widespread among marine fishes, including many species that are fished heavily, and is thought to be of conservation concern under some circumstances. As such, an important question in conservation is whether the implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs), which is a commonly used marine conservation tool, works as effectively for sex-changers as for non-sex-changers. To address this issue, we used meta-analyses of the ratio of fish abundances inside vs. outside MPAs to determine whether sex change affects the extent to which fish densities respond to protection. When all data were considered, there were similar responses to protection irrespective of reproductive mode. However, when analyses were restricted to older reserves (at least 10 years’ protection), female-first sex-changers consistently benefited from protection. Non-sex-changers and male-first sex-changers showed more variable responses to protection and, as a result, there were no significant differences between fish with different reproductive modes in their overall response to protection. The same results were observed when the effects of fisheries status (targeted vs. not targeted) were controlled. Our results support the use of MPAs as important components of conservation and demonstrate that old reserves are most consistently beneficial to female-first sex-changing species. Finally, our results highlight the fact that some effects of protection are only detectable after several generations.     

基于VMS的我国捕捞渔船出海时间与航程量化分析

近海捕捞渔船在各渔场的出海时间与航程量化数据是渔业管理中的参考信息,本文根据船舶监控系统2018年2.5万余艘海洋捕捞机动渔船的12.87亿条船位数据,利用渔场格网与渔船轨迹的拓扑关系,设计了捕捞渔船出海累计时间与航程计算方法,统计出累计时间3439 万h,累计航程25512 万km,分析结果显示：各省出海作业渔船主要分布在其沿海附近渔场,累计时间和航程近海高于远海。辽宁省、山东省、浙江省、广西区的捕捞渔船的累计时间值存在两个峰值与谷值,辽宁省、山东省两省与浙江和广西区相比1～3月累计时间明显偏低。量化方法与统计结果可辅助于渔业限额捕捞管理。     

基于灰色关联的全球海洋渔业资源开发状况评价

海洋渔业资源是人类重要的动物蛋白来源，合理开发海洋渔业资源意义重大。本文利用1990—2019年全球19个渔区渔获量数据，通过灰色关联聚类分析法，研究了全球各渔区渔获量与总渔获量以及各渔区渔获量之间的关系，并确定了同类型渔区中影响渔获量大小的主要鱼种类型。结果发现，全球大多数渔区渔获量与全球海域总渔获量关联度较大，灰色关联度大于0.9的渔区有16个。除南极大西洋扇区、南极太平洋扇区和北冰洋外，其余各渔区相互间的关联度均高于0.9。设定关联聚类矩阵的临界值r=0.975作为分类依据，获得分类明显的类群Ⅰ和类群Ⅱ，其中类群Ⅰ包含西北太平洋、东北大西洋、东北太平洋、东南大西洋、中西大西洋、地中海及黑海等6个渔区，其渔获量趋势均在一定范围内上下波动；类群Ⅱ包含中西太平洋、东印度洋、中东大西洋、西印度洋等4个渔区，其渔获量呈稳定增长趋势。两个类群中鱼种渔获量与渔区总渔获量灰色关联度最高的均为中上层鱼类和底层鱼类。研究表明，利用灰色理论系统可对全球各渔区海洋渔业资源开发状态进行科学评价，其评价结果可为全球海洋渔业的可持续发展提供参考。