Mapping species richness and human impact drivers to inform global pelagic conservation prioritisation

Given the widely recognized need to better protect the oceans but limited resources to do so, methods for prioritizing potential protected area sites are important. This is particularly true for the open oceans, where few protected areas currently exist and data availability is limited. Here, we examine the relationship between the distributions of tuna and billfish species richness (an indicator of pelagic biodiversity), the human impact drivers of fishing pressure (quantified as cumulative removals) and sea surface temperature increase (quantified as the increase in large positive anomalies) in tropical to temperate oceans at the scale of a 5° × 5° grid. We investigate relationships using Generalised Additive Models and Regression Tree analysis, and identify the top 50 “hotspot” cells for species richness and each of the two impact drivers. We find that both impact drivers significantly overlap with high species richness, but relationships are complex, non-linear and ocean-basin specific. Higher fishing pressure is associated with higher species richness in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and this overlap is particularly prominent in the central Pacific, and in the Indian Ocean around Sri Lanka. In the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, species richness is generally higher in areas that have seen lower levels of change in sea surface temperature and only one cell, near Easter Island, is a hotspot for species richness and sea surface temperature increase. While species richness and impact drivers overlap in some areas, there are many areas with high species richness and limited apparent impact. This suggests that area-based conservation strategies that aim to protect areas of high pelagic biodiversity may be achievable with limited displacement of fishing effort.     

猕猴桃枝条新梢次生木质部细胞解剖学研究

试验采用Joffrey氏[1]离析法对猕猴桃的新梢木质部进行解离,并与红星苹果进行了比较分析。结果表明:猕猴桃的木质部导管为梯纹导管类型,而红星苹果为孔纹导管类型;猕猴桃的导管、管胞和纤维的平均长度和直径与红星苹果比较均长和宽,且呈极显著差异。     

Grassland Degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Reevaluation of Causative Factors

In light of Harris (2010) finding insufficient evidence to assert a causal linkage between any of the seven previously proposed causative factors and grassland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), more recent empirical studies on QTP grassland degradation were explored to ascertain whether, in fact, these factors are casually linked to grassland degradation. The mischaracterization of the underlying causes of grassland degradation among policymakers has and continues to be an obstacle to sustainable regional grassland management practices. Accumulating evidence suggests that privatization and sedentarization, small mammals, climate change, harsh environments, fragile soils, and overgrazing contribute to grassland degradation. However, neither obsolete livestock husbandry methods nor the recent conversion of rangelands to agriculture had a meaningful influence. Estimates of the total area of degraded grasslands and the establishment of grassland degradation criteria have not been properly addressed in the literature. Both omissions constitute the basis for investigating the causes of grassland degradation across the QTP and the adoption of measures to manage these grasslands sustainably.     

中国古典园林的“鱼”与“渔”

“鱼”在中国古典园林中具有重要作用并被广泛应用,与其相关的“渔”也以不同形式隐含于古典园林之中,目前缺少两者相关的系统研究。对鱼类在中国古典园林中应用的历史沿革进行概括,并从观赏娱乐对象、文化寓意、生态功能、意境营造、放生对象等方面研究了鱼在古典园林中的作用及应用方式。继而从造园主题、舫等园林建筑营建、沧浪意象的造景主题等方面探讨了中国古典园林中的渔。最后,对古典园林中鱼和渔的内涵进行了分析。     

舟山渔场休闲渔业发展现状及其对策研究

主要分析了舟山渔场休闲渔业发展现状,分析得出其发展过程中发展不平衡以及不注重发展特色等问题,提出了从政府与民间两方面推进产业发展的建议。     

从水资源承载能力看河南核电的发展

水资源承载能力是制约内陆核电发展的关键因素之一。引入"用水紧张程度"和"区域水资源承载能力的平衡指数σ"对河南省水资源承载能力进行分析,比较火电与内陆核电用水需求特点,分析核电空冷技术的用水优势,在此基础上阐述采用空冷技术发展河南核电的思路。     

Occurrence and distribution of larval and juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus at sandy beaches in eastern Hiuchi-Nada, central Seto Inland Sea, Japan

ABSTRACT:   The occurrence and distribution of larval and juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and major demersal fish from May to September were examined at seven sandy beaches at the central Seto Inland Sea. The flounder appeared from late May to August and were mainly collected at a depth of 2–5 m. Settlement of larval flounder was seen from late May to late June. A total of 6412 individuals of 17 species representing 12 families were collected in the study area. The dominant fish species were Favonigobius gymnauchen (56.0%), Tarphops oligolepis (8.1%), Rudarius ercodes (7.8%), P. olivaceus (7.3%), Repomucenus spp. (7.0%) and Heteromycteris japonica (3.3%). The catches of flounder differed among beaches and months. The number of flounder in June at Ohama Beach, where the most flounder were collected, was 22.6 individuals per haul (400 m²). The density of the flounder correlated negatively to that of F. gymnauchen .     

发展我国渔业合作经济组织的经济意义与存在的契约风险

从专用性投资、市场信息和技术外溢的角度探讨渔业合作经济组织存在的经济意义,从契约稳定性、内部人控制及组织治理问题的角度对合作组织存在的契约风险进行分析,并提出渔业合作组织未来的演进方向。     

完善渔业权立法的关键内容讨论

在界定渔业权概念的基础上,介绍了渔业权的种类,对渔业权的法律关系进行了分析,提出了建立渔业权制度体系的观点,并给出一些司法实践的意见。     

Rhamphicarpa fistulosa, a parasitic weed threatening rain-fed lowland rice production in sub-Saharan Africa - A case study from Benin

Expansion of the facultative parasitic plant Rhamphicarpa fistulosa as a weed of rain-fed lowland rice was studied in 2007 on a national level (Benin) by repeating a survey from 1998. Wider species’ distribution was investigated in 2008. Current and potential impact and management strategies were investigated through farmer surveys and pot experiments. Out of 36 cultivated inland valleys visited across Benin, eight were found to be infested with Rhamphicarpa. Out of nine inland valleys inspected in 1998, Rhamphicarpa was found in five in 2007, compared with only three in 1998. Farmers estimated Rhamphicarpa-inflicted yield losses could exceed 60% and indicated that heavily infested fields are abandoned. In a pot experiment with a wide infestation range, the popular cultivar Gambiaka, combining resistance with sensitivity, showed a mean relative yield loss (RYL) of 63%. Parasitic Rhamphicarpa biomass (PRB), the difference between the above-ground biomass produced with and without a host, was suggested as indicator for infection level of this facultative parasite and hence as a practical measure for host resistance. Genetic variation in resistance and tolerance levels was observed among rice cultivars, but fertilizer applications significantly reduced parasite numbers, biomass and effects, cancelling out such genotypic differences. Depending on the tolerance level of the cultivars, the PRB only accounted for 3.7-38.8% of the average parasite-inflicted host biomass reductions, indicating phytotoxic effects of Rhamphicarpa infection.R. fistulosa is an apparently increasing constraint to rain-fed lowland rice in Benin, threatening rice production in the wider region. The use of resistant and tolerant cultivars, combined with fertilizer applications could reduce Rhamphicarpa infections and mitigate negative effects on rice yields.