基于优势分析法的中东大西洋渔获量国别和地区差异分析

中东大西洋是世界重要的渔业捕捞区域,分析其渔获组成以及不同捕捞国家和地区的渔获量情况,有利于该海域渔业资源的可持续开发和利用。根据1950—2019年联合国粮农组织(FAO)中东大西洋海域渔获量数据,采用优势分析法(dominance analysis),对中东大西洋海域及不同年代沿海和非沿海国家和地区的渔获量和渔获种类组成及贡献度进行了分析。研究显示,中东大西洋渔获量整体呈增长趋势,沙丁鱼(Sardina pilchardus)、筛鲱(Ethmalosa fimbriata)、金色小沙丁鱼(Sardinella aurita)、圆鲭(Scomber colias)等4种鱼类是该海域的优势种,对渔获量贡献度高,各年代平均合计贡献度为52.06%。在中东大西洋沿海国和地区(以下简称“沿海国和地区”)中,摩洛哥、塞内加尔、加纳、喀麦隆、尼日利亚等5个国家和地区对该海域贡献度高,各年代平均合计贡献度为65.07%,其中,摩洛哥和塞内加尔在每个年代的贡献度均大于10%。欧盟、俄罗斯(苏联)、日本是中东大西洋非沿海国和地区(以下简称“非沿海国和地区”)的主要贡献来源,各年代平均合计贡献度为82.71%,其中,欧盟在各年代平均合计贡献度近60%。中国大陆在该海域的累计渔获量仅55.71万t,不到日本的18%。研究认为,中东大西洋渔业资源受到不同程度的过度捕捞或者开发,建议科学制定渔业管理措施,适当降低捕捞强度,合理开发沙丁鱼、头足类等主要渔获物种,加强区域合作,推进中东大西洋渔业资源开发的可持续发展。     

鄱阳湖沿湖渔区养殖鱼类车轮虫病调查初报

对鄱阳湖沿湖渔区 1 1个县进行了调查 ,初步结果为 :镜检出车轮虫 1 2种 ;养殖鱼类对车轮虫的整体感染率依次为草鱼 >鳙鱼 >鲤鱼 >团头鲂 >白鲢 >白鲫 ;一般利用池塘水进行人工繁殖的水花鱼苗 ,其车轮虫感染率为 1 0 %～ 35 % ,利用循环用水或有机物含量较高的水源孵化鱼苗时 ,鱼苗的感染率则成倍提高 ;车轮虫对夏花鱼种的感染率达1 0 0 % ,且主要以大型车轮虫为主。秋片鱼种以上规格的鱼体主要感染小车轮虫。适宜车轮虫繁殖、生长的水温为 1 8～ 30℃ ,车轮虫可诱发某些细菌性鱼病。探讨了车轮虫的综合防治措施 ,包括切断传染源、用生石灰清塘消毒、用 1～2mg/kg硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁混合液 (5∶2 )杀虫等。     

Geographical variations in the trophic structure of the plankton community along a eutrophic–mesotrophic–oligotrophic transect

The geographical variations in trophic structure of the plankton community, as defined by total and relative carbon biomass of phytoplankton (PP), bacteria (BA), heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF), microzooplankton (MZ), and herbivorous (HNZ) and carnivorous net-zooplankton (CNZ), were investigated along an inshore–offshore transect from the innermost part of Osaka Bay to the Pacific Ocean off Kii Channel, Japan, in June 1991. Based on physico-chemical properties of the water and topographical features, the transect was divided into three trophic areas, i.e. eutrophic, mesotrophic and oligotrophic ones. The average carbon biomass of the total plankton community was highest (438 mg m⁻³) in the inshore eutrophic area, and declined steeply offshore (141 and 26.6 mg m⁻³ in the mesotrophic and oligotrophic areas, respectively). In the offshore oligotrophic area, the relative biomass of BA to PP and the relative biomass of small heterotrophs (i.e. BA, HNF and MZ) to the total heterotrophs were higher than in the other areas, indicating that the microbial food chain predominated. In the mesotrophic area, the biomass of HNZ (primarily copepods) was conspicuously high, even higher than that of PP, suggesting that the traditional grazing food chain prevailed. Because of this short food chain, a productive fishing ground is formed there. In the eutrophic area, the biomass of HNZ was much smaller relative to the enormous biomass of PP, indicating that a considerable amount of primary production was not utilized directly by the metazoan zooplankton. However, the relative contribution of the small heterotrophs to the total heterotrophs' biomass was higher in this area, as in the oligotrophic area.     

Evidence for a depth refuge effect in artisanal coral reef fisheries

Natural refuges can play a fundamental role in protecting species from overexploitation but have not been adequately quantified in the marine environment. We quantified the effect of a depth refuge on all fish species in an artisanal coral reef fishery in Zanzibar, Tanzania by comparing changes in fish species richness and relative abundance with depth at five fished and three unfished reefs across the region. Commercial species richness was depleted by 15.1% at shallow depths in fished reefs, but there was no difference between the reefs deeper than seven metres. Non-commercial species were not affected by fishing or depth. Evidence for similar patterns in fish communities in other countries and depth-limitations to artisanal fishing methods imply this effect is widespread. The depth refuge effect could be sustaining coral reef fisheries and should be taken in to account before implementing policies or subsidies that encourage or allow fisheries to exploit deeper waters.     

赫哲族渔猎文化与自然资源保护的相关性

从文化与资源互动的视角探讨自然资源保护与渔猎文化的相关性,将赫哲族渔猎文化解析为宗教、图腾、聚落、村规民约、经济类型等特定的因子结构,运用AMOS7.0的研究方法,建立了结构方程模型。研究结果表明赫哲族渔猎文化与自然资源保护的拟合程度较高,二者是协同演化的共生关系。对推动赫哲族的传统文化的保护以及进一步推动野生动物的保护,即对生物多样性的保护有重要的作用。     

舟山沿岸定置张网作业休渔前后鱼类组成分析

根据2007-2009年舟山沿岸定置张网作业渔业资源调查资料,对休渔前后（5月和9月）张网作业渔获物组成进行比较分析。结果表明：休渔前（5月）优势种为鳀鱼、矛尾鰕虎鱼、带鱼、银鲳和黄鲫,其渔获重量占总渔获重量的96.2%;休渔后（9月）以龙头鱼、带鱼、黄鲫和小黄鱼为优势种,其渔获量占总渔获量的77.6%。5月平均每网每天共损害带鱼、小黄鱼和银鲳幼鱼1 030尾,9月平均每网每天损害带鱼、小黄鱼和银鲳幼鱼587尾,比5月减少75.5%。舟山近岸张网休渔后（9月）主要经济种类渔获个体和重量均较休渔前（5月）有大幅增加,通过3个月的休渔,对经济种类的资源养护确实有一定效果,但是渔获个体仍然较小,大多数个体仍然没有达到开捕规格,建议定置张网休渔可以向前推移1个月。     

舟山市海洋捕捞渔船主要助航助渔设备的调查

为了解舟山市海洋捕捞渔船助航助渔设备的使用现状,通过对舟山市典型作业张网渔船、刺网渔船和拖网渔船的实地调查、助航助渔设备的经销商家与定点维修服务部门的走访调查,得出了以下结论:(1)舟山沿岸或近海的捕捞渔船,船载设备落后,甚至缺少某些助航仪器或助渔仪器;(2)渔船船载助航助渔设备进口的多,国产的少;(3)进口设备性价比高,质量好,而国产产品质量差,寿命短.通过调查了解到舟山市海洋捕捞渔船助航助渔设备的现状,了解到当下渔船的生产条件,找出了渔船自身的不足,及进一步提出了发展渔业装备技术的建议,对推进舟山渔船升级更新具有指导意义.     

An interview-based approach to assess marine mammal and sea turtle captures in artisanal fisheries

Recent case studies have highlighted high bycatch mortality of sea turtles and marine mammals in artisanal fisheries, but in most countries there are few data on artisanal fishing effort, catch, or bycatch. With artisanal fisheries comprising >95% of the world’s fishermen, this knowledge gap presents a major challenge to threatened species conservation and sustainable fisheries initiatives. We report on results from an intensive pilot study to evaluate whether interview surveys can be effective in assessing fishing effort and threatened species bycatch. Fisheries and bycatch data from interviews with >6100 fishermen in seven developing countries were collected in <1 year for approximately USD $47,000, indicating that this approach may rapidly yield coarse-level information over large areas at low cost. This effort provided the first fisheries characterizations for many areas and revealed the widespread nature of high bycatch in artisanal fisheries. Challenges to study design and implementation prevented quantitative estimation or spatial comparisons of bycatch during this pilot research phase, but results suggested that annual sea turtle bycatch may number at least in the low thousands of individuals per country. Annual odontocete bycatch may number at least in the low hundreds per country. Sirenian bycatch occurred in all study areas but was frequent only in West Africa. We discuss lessons learned from this survey effort and present a revised protocol for future interview-based bycatch assessments.     

对印度尼西亚海域中国渔船使用拖网渔具的分析和探讨

本文探讨了中国渔船在印度尼西亚海域使用的拖网渔具,从渔具使用规格、缩结状态和结构等方面进行了分析,指出这类渔具在浅水渔场捕捞带鱼时有良好适应性,但局部配纲不当,网具贴底程度未达到最佳状态。由于网目大,有些局部改革可能导致敏感的负面反应。作者认为,这类网具今后的改革应着眼于提高拖速,以增加对某些优质鱼的兼捕比例。     

论渔船队规模对渔业资源的影响

本文以大黄鱼为例,应用系统动力学的方法再现了大黄鱼资源的兴衰过程,并通过对模型结果行为的讨论,定量地给出了合理的渔船船队增长规模。本文的方法和结论可作为我国今后合理开发与利用其他种类渔业资源时参考。