冬汛浙江中部渔场环境与带鱼汛期的关系

本文根据1977～1982年浙江中部渔场,水文要素观测资料,分析了渔场环境与冬汛带鱼鱼发的关系。由于在冬汛中游经浙江中部渔场的带鱼属季节性回游,对海洋环境的变化比较敏感。因此,在渔汛期内,应用渔场水文的季节转换、水温的冷暖年分布,水系混合区的纬向波动等,分别可作为判断汛期进展及中心渔场变化和转移的指标;(1)渔场水文夏、冬季节转换期早,汛期提前;相反,汛期后延。(2)渔场水温呈“冷年型”分布,汛期提早;相反,汛期推迟。(3)34‰等盐线的纬向波动,与中心渔场有明显的相关性。高盐线分布偏西,鱼发海区趋向近岸;反之,趋向远岸。     

Modeling the effects of fishery management and marine protected areas on the Beibu Gulf using spatial ecosystem simulation

The Gulf of Beibu, recognized as one of the traditional fishing grounds, is a center of rich biodiversity in the northern South China Sea. Based on the Beibu Gulf ecosystem constructed by the Ecopath and Ecosim model (in the late 1990s), we used Ecospace to evaluate the existing fishery management system and assess the potential of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Beibu Gulf over a short (5-year), medium (10-year), and long-term (20-year) scenario. The results suggest that the current trawl closure and the midsummer moratorium system used in the Gulf fishery management approach appear to offer minimal benefits for stock recovery because of the high implementation and administrative costs; also, the biomass of valuable groups would decrease drastically with simulation time, and the large predator groups, such as the large demersal and pelagic fishes, would even be reduced to depletion in the long-term (20-year) simulation.Simulations of MPAs indicate that outcomes beneficial to all are possible but not guaranteed. Both ‘no-take’ MPAs, inshore closures (<30-m isobath) and offshore closures (common fishing zone) can drastically reduce fishing effort (between 20% and 30% reduction from 1999 levels), achieving much to avert the collapse of the fishery sector, especially for large-sized, high-value species. The magnitude of the biomass and the catches would obviously increase with simulation time. In a 20-year simulation, the total catches of all fishing gears would be doubled in the inshore closure simulation compared with that of offshore closure simulation with biomass recovery. The results suggest that, for purposes of fishery management in the Gulf, the inshore area within the 30-m isobath should be considered as ‘no-take’ MPAs; this may be an effective management tactic to conserve the ecosystem and to stop the decline in fisheries resources. Considering the complexity of ecosystem-based fishery management, an extension of the current work will incorporate the costs associated with restoration and monitoring efforts as well.     

船旗国对管制IUU捕捞的责任、现状、问题及对策

IUU捕捞成为困扰国际渔业资源养护与管理的现实威胁。国际社会为维护渔业可持续发展的能力,积极应对IUU捕捞。船旗国可以通过渔船注册制、渔船登记簿、渔船许可证等措施执行防范、遏制与消除IUU捕捞的渔业政策。     

A methodology for evaluating the sustainability of inland wetland systems

Sustainable development is a process in which present and future human needs can be satisfied without degrading the socio-environmental systems that they rely upon. Inland wetlands are diverse ecosystems that provide numerous goods and services. Current wetland evaluation methodologies include inventories, monitoring of hydrological and climatic variables, population dynamic studies, mechanistic models, the use of geographical information systems, and measuring of biotic indices. Sustainability evaluation methods, which combine in a systemic approach production efficiency, ecosystem function, environmental services, and social values are required. In this study, a methodological framework was developed and applied to a case in the High Lerma River Basin in Central Mexico. Criteria and indicators comprising the environmental, economic, and social dimensions, as well as systemic attributes such as productivity, stability, resilience, self-reliance, and equity were derived and measured to evaluate wetland management systems. Native species were compared to the predominant carp monoculture system. Results from the evaluated indicators showed that the native species multicultural management system can be a feasible, profitable, and self-reliant conservation and utilization alternative. Some difficulties were faced in finding reliable estimates to be used as reference values, and potential indicators for future, long-term evaluations are proposed. The application of sustainability indicators to wetland management proved to be an objective and trustworthy methodological alternative, which could increase both wetland sustainability and the continuous development of integrated assessment tools for its evaluation.     

使用网络遥控渔船机械手的系统研究

渔业船舶上的机械手臂可以帮助人们在恶劣环境中实现很多操作作业,为了充分发挥渔船机械手的自主性以及他所具备的主观能动性,实现了一种在非结构环境下使用网络进行遥控渔船机械手。阐述了一种使用Agent的网络遥控渔船机械手的控制系统结构,对系统中主要部分的功能进行了分析,并对各Agent的实现方法进行了一定的阐述。     

酸枣根系导管结构的可塑性对自然梯度干旱生境的适应机制

根系导管是植物吸收和输送水分的主要通道,导管的结构将最终决定其导水功能和效率,研究导管结构的可塑性是理解植物对干旱梯度适应机制的关键。以采自烟台-石家庄-银川-吐鲁番形成的自然梯度干旱生境中生长的酸枣植株为试验材料,采用离析法和植物显微技术,探究酸枣根次生木质部导管对梯度干旱生境适应的结构特征和机制。结果表明:酸枣根系次生木质部导管有6种类型,不同生境中同种导管的数量和形态差异较大。根据管尾情况可将导管分为三类:无尾型、一端有尾型和两端有尾型导管,且在结构上表现出特定的适应特征及规律。从烟台至吐鲁番随干旱加剧,根系中网纹导管管壁加厚,管尾变短;孔纹导管长度、宽度、直径减小,壁厚增加,管尾变长;螺纹导管长度变小,管壁变薄,管尾变短;梯纹导管长度、宽度和直径均降低,从无尾型向有尾型转变;木纤维长度、宽度变小,管壁变薄,管尾加长。与烟台样地的导管相比,石家庄、银川和吐鲁番样地的孔纹导管长度分别减小了17.63%、11.23%和7.67%;螺纹导管的管壁分别减小了20.2%、11.4%和14.6%;梯纹导管的长度和宽度分别减小了29.1%、37.6%、31.4%和20.7%、48.5%、28.6%;木纤维的长度分别减小了0.7%、1.5%和2.6%,宽度减小了2.2%、4.7%和5.4%,管壁厚度减小了33.2%、29.3%和22.1%。说明酸枣植株根系导管的可塑性较大,导管形态和结构的变化利于水分和养分的高效吸收和转运。导管长度、管壁和管尾的变化增强了根系的韧性和伸展能力,利于根系深扎、吸收深层土壤中的水分并快速补充植株在干旱环境中的蒸腾散失,从而适应干旱生境,保证植株的正常生长和代谢。     

中国内陆渔船尾气排放调研研究—以湖南、江西两省渔船为例

随着环境保护、经济社会可持续发展等相关立法力度的加大,渔船尾气排放问题逐渐引起管理层和业界的广泛关注。对湖南、江西2省3个地区(岳阳、沅江和上饶)进行走访调研;同时携带烟气测试仪对其捕捞作业渔船进行现场检测,其中实际检测9艘,木质的8艘,钢质的1艘,船长都在12 m及以下,总功率都小于44.1kW;并按照规范现场获取油样,共取得有效样本9份,通过专业运输公司寄送至国家专业油样分析机构进行检测分析。结果显示：在高速和低速两种工况下,9条船中,有3艘渔船在低速航行条件下,CO排放指标未达到第三阶段排放标准(小于5.5 g/kWh),其他均达到,达到率83.3%;按照GB252—2015普通柴油分类要求,所有油样样品都达到要求,合格率为100%。研究表明：我国内陆渔船尾气排放量总体影响较小;排放量与柴油机使用年限相关性不大;须提高燃油品质、减少污染物排放;应加强渔船尾气后处理系统的开发应用等。内陆捕捞作业渔船尾气排放总体情况较好,但仍有进一步提升的空间。     

苹果短枝型品种导管分子的解剖学研究

在扫描电镜和生物显微镜下研究了富士系、红星系短枝型和普通型苹果导管分子类型和大小。结果表明：（１）各供试品种导管分子均为孔纹型导管。（２）导管分子平均长度和直径,富士系短枝型品种为３０３．８５和２９．５０;普通型‘长富２号’为３８４．２３和３５．３８;红星系短枝型品种为３０９．３９和３０．６２,‘普通红星’为３９５．２３和３６．００;短枝型品种均较普通型品种短而狭窄;（３）短枝型品种具有较多畸形导     

基于灰色系统的北太平洋柔鱼渔汛特征分析及旺汛期预测

柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)是大洋性经济头足类,是我国远洋鱿钓渔船重要的捕捞对象.分析柔鱼渔汛特征并预测旺汛期,有助于柔鱼资源的合理开发与利用.本研究根据2013-2017年北太平洋柔鱼渔业生产统计数据,以每日平均渔获量(CPUEday)作为资源丰度,利用分位数的方法划分旺汛期;结合灰色波形预测...     

鄱阳湖沿湖渔区养殖鱼类车轮虫病调查初报

对鄱阳湖沿湖渔区 1 1个县进行了调查 ,初步结果为 :镜检出车轮虫 1 2种 ;养殖鱼类对车轮虫的整体感染率依次为草鱼 >鳙鱼 >鲤鱼 >团头鲂 >白鲢 >白鲫 ;一般利用池塘水进行人工繁殖的水花鱼苗 ,其车轮虫感染率为 1 0 %～ 35 % ,利用循环用水或有机物含量较高的水源孵化鱼苗时 ,鱼苗的感染率则成倍提高 ;车轮虫对夏花鱼种的感染率达1 0 0 % ,且主要以大型车轮虫为主。秋片鱼种以上规格的鱼体主要感染小车轮虫。适宜车轮虫繁殖、生长的水温为 1 8～ 30℃ ,车轮虫可诱发某些细菌性鱼病。探讨了车轮虫的综合防治措施 ,包括切断传染源、用生石灰清塘消毒、用 1～2mg/kg硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁混合液 (5∶2 )杀虫等。