冬汛浙江中部渔场环境与带鱼汛期的关系

本文根据1977～1982年浙江中部渔场,水文要素观测资料,分析了渔场环境与冬汛带鱼鱼发的关系。由于在冬汛中游经浙江中部渔场的带鱼属季节性回游,对海洋环境的变化比较敏感。因此,在渔汛期内,应用渔场水文的季节转换、水温的冷暖年分布,水系混合区的纬向波动等,分别可作为判断汛期进展及中心渔场变化和转移的指标;(1)渔场水文夏、冬季节转换期早,汛期提前;相反,汛期后延。(2)渔场水温呈“冷年型”分布,汛期提早;相反,汛期推迟。(3)34‰等盐线的纬向波动,与中心渔场有明显的相关性。高盐线分布偏西,鱼发海区趋向近岸;反之,趋向远岸。     

Modeling the effects of fishery management and marine protected areas on the Beibu Gulf using spatial ecosystem simulation

The Gulf of Beibu, recognized as one of the traditional fishing grounds, is a center of rich biodiversity in the northern South China Sea. Based on the Beibu Gulf ecosystem constructed by the Ecopath and Ecosim model (in the late 1990s), we used Ecospace to evaluate the existing fishery management system and assess the potential of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Beibu Gulf over a short (5-year), medium (10-year), and long-term (20-year) scenario. The results suggest that the current trawl closure and the midsummer moratorium system used in the Gulf fishery management approach appear to offer minimal benefits for stock recovery because of the high implementation and administrative costs; also, the biomass of valuable groups would decrease drastically with simulation time, and the large predator groups, such as the large demersal and pelagic fishes, would even be reduced to depletion in the long-term (20-year) simulation.Simulations of MPAs indicate that outcomes beneficial to all are possible but not guaranteed. Both ‘no-take’ MPAs, inshore closures (<30-m isobath) and offshore closures (common fishing zone) can drastically reduce fishing effort (between 20% and 30% reduction from 1999 levels), achieving much to avert the collapse of the fishery sector, especially for large-sized, high-value species. The magnitude of the biomass and the catches would obviously increase with simulation time. In a 20-year simulation, the total catches of all fishing gears would be doubled in the inshore closure simulation compared with that of offshore closure simulation with biomass recovery. The results suggest that, for purposes of fishery management in the Gulf, the inshore area within the 30-m isobath should be considered as ‘no-take’ MPAs; this may be an effective management tactic to conserve the ecosystem and to stop the decline in fisheries resources. Considering the complexity of ecosystem-based fishery management, an extension of the current work will incorporate the costs associated with restoration and monitoring efforts as well.     

台湾海峡鲐鱼捕捞群体结构及资源开发利用状况

本文根据2003～2004年台湾海峡渔业资源调查资料，结合以往闽南、台湾浅滩渔场鲐鲹鱼类监测资料，研究分析了台湾海峡鲐鱼捕捞群体结构及资源开发利用状况。结果表明：台湾海峡鲐鱼资源主要为灯光围网作业和拖网作业所利用；5、6月在灯光围网作业主要渔获物中鲐鱼占绝对优势，其余各月所占比重均较低，其渔获群体优势叉长组为230～260mm，占60．8％，平均叉长246．1mm，资源利用较合理；而拖网作业捕捞群体以0龄鱼和1龄鱼为主。定点调查表明5月鲐鱼数量分布的主要密集区出现在闽南、台湾浅滩渔场的近岸海域，以幼鱼为主，8月群体较为分散，密集度不高。为合理利用鲐鱼资源，应加强对灯光围网作业扶持力度。     

福建近海20种鱼类生态学的研究

本文研究了福建近海20种鱼类的种群结构、生长和死亡参数及其开发比率,并且计算了最佳捕捞规格和最小可捕标准;重点分析了5种主要经济鱼类生态学的变化及其主要原因;从捕捞对经济幼鱼幼体损害的严重性,指出实行最小可捕标准制度的必要性,探讨了保护经济幼鱼幼体的措施。     

基于投影寻踪和粒子群优化算法的南宁市内河水质综合评价研究

针对目前我国城市内河普遍遭到污染的问题,在分析影响内河水质因素的基础上,选取BOD5（五日生化需氧量）、CODCr（化学需氧量）、石油类、挥发酚、NH3-N（氨氮）和总磷等6个主要因素作为评价因子,建立了城市内河水质评价的投影寻踪分析模型,采用粒子群算法对该评价模型进行优化,并将其应用于南宁市10条内河水质的评价与排序。研究表明：用投影寻踪回归分析法进行水质评价,避免了传统评价方法由于主观原因造成的误差,方法简单、评价结果合理可信,为我国城市内河水质的评价提供了新途径。     

粤东3个橄榄品种导管分子比较研究

利用常规木材制片法,结合细胞图像分析系统及显微照相,对三棱、铁种、鸡心等3个橄榄Canarium album(Lour.)Raeusch.品种茎次生木质部导管分子结构进行了观察。结果表明,供试品种导管分子均为具单穿孔板的孔纹导管,均有两端具尾、一端具尾和无尾的导管分子;均有细小狭长的小导管分子类型,管间纹孔式均为互列纹孔式。鸡心橄榄中存在两类特殊的导管分子,即具三生螺纹加厚和具晶体内含物的导管分子。三棱、铁种和鸡心橄榄导管分子平均长度分别为478.16±121.16、426.32±105.84和449.19±121.86μm,平均直径分别为180.70±49.51、179.31±54.37和165.12±46.26μm。橄榄的生态习性与其导管分子的结构特点相适应,不同品种橄榄的生长特性也与导管分子形态差异相适应。     

阿根廷滑柔鱼(Illex argentinus)适宜栖息地模型比较及其在渔场预报中的应用

根据2003–2007年1–5月西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼生产统计数据以及表温(SST)、海面高度(SSH)等海洋遥感数据,以作业次数为基础采用外包络法建立SST、SSH的适应性指数模型。分别采用算术平均法(AMM)和几何平均法(GMM)建立栖息地指数(HSI)模型,并对2003–2007年1–5月的HSI值与实际产量和作业次数作比较。研究结果显示,AMM和GMM均拟合较好,HSI>0.6时,AMM的产量和作业次数比例分别为86.75%和89.82%;GMM的产量和作业次数比例分别为84.30%和85.80%,AMM稍优于GMM。利用2008年1–5月的阿根廷滑柔鱼生产数据进行实证分析,结果显示,作业渔场主要分布在HIS>0.6的海域,其产量占总产量的64%以上,作业次数占总作业次数的68%以上;基于SST和SSH的AMM栖息地指数模型可用于阿根廷滑柔鱼中心渔场的实时动态预报,为该资源的高效开发提供科学依据。     

中国海洋伏季休渔制度研究

自1995年开始,中国正式实施东海、黄海伏季休渔制度,继而扩大至南海,其覆盖面之广和影响力之大是显而易见的。迄今为止,伏季休渔制度已成为中国最有成效的渔业管理措施之一,并为渔业可持续发展起着极其重要的作用。基于中国伏季休渔制度演进及其特征分析,从生物学、生态学、经济学和社会学角度,对伏季休渔制度成效及问题进行分析,并提出了加大渔业资源科学调查投入、合理调整渔业结构、加强宣传教育等一系列完善伏季休渔制度的政策性建议。     

Development of performance indices for the Newfoundland and Labrador snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) fishery using data from a vessel monitoring system

This study investigates the potential for using data from a vessel monitoring system (VMS) to create indices of commercial fishery performance that may be used in monitoring snow crab resource status. Fishing hours were screened from hourly positional signals to create an index of fishing effort (hours fished) for comparison with that derived from logbooks (number of trap hauls). Similarly, a VMS-based fishing catch per unit of effort (CPUE) index was developed for comparison with CPUE derived from logbooks. Analysis of these indices showed that VMS-based fishing effort and CPUE indices can be interpreted to provide reliable complementary or alternative indices to logbooks for assessment of fishery performance in the Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) fishery. We also developed a VMS-based index of fishing efficiency and illustrate how it can be applied toward understanding various behaviors and anomalies in the fishery. VMS data may offer other potential applications for snow crab assessment and management. Our approach and methods are applicable to other commercial fishery resources worldwide that are monitored using vessel monitoring systems.     

An automatic fishing machine based on acoustic conditioning

An automatic fishing machine based on acoustic conditioning was developed and tested in a reservoir. The floating fishing machine is remotely and automatically controlled to operate an underwater speaker, a feeder and underwater cameras that monitor fish behavior in real time. An open net pen installed under the system can be automatically closed to capture gathering fish. The dynamics of fish populations in the open net pen was monitored and discussed. Fish were conditioned to associate an acoustic signal with food by classical conditioning. Periodic retraining was used to reinforce the conditioned behavior of fish freely swimming in the reservoir. Fish were captured by calling them to the fishing machine using the acoustic signal and automatically closing the net pen around them: 2.5 times more fish were captured in such capture events than in control events, in which the net pen was automatically closed without calling the fish.