长期秸秆还田不同施肥对土壤腐殖质含量及结构的影响

为了给提高耕层肥力、合理利用农业废弃秸秆提供良好的依据,采用腐殖质组成修改法与红外光谱法分析了不同秸秆还田条件下各施肥处理对非石灰性潮土腐殖质含量及结构的变化。以青岛农业大学长期定位秸秆还田试验为基础,设5个试验处理,施氮肥条件下设小麦、玉米秸秆还田(WCN)、一季小麦秸秆还田(WN)2个处理,同时设小麦玉米两季秸秆还田(WC)、对照(CK)、单施有机肥(M)处理。结果表明:随着时间的延续,秸秆还田条件下,2015年各处理土壤中胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)含量分别平均较2009年提高了117.68%,102.5%。与CK相比,秸秆还田模式各处理土壤腐殖酸总含量(HE)平均增幅21.8%~47.9%,其中腐殖质含量最高为WCN,2015年较CK增长118.8%,较2009年原始土壤增长了183.63%。两季秸秆还田配施化肥处理,能够增加土壤胡敏酸和富里酸的含量,胡富比值增大,增加腐殖酸含量并使之平稳增长。土壤腐殖物质活力从高到低为:WCNWNMWC。两季秸秆还田及配施有机肥,提高了芳香族类、羧基类化合物含量,而多糖类化合物含量减少,可提升土壤腐殖质的活性及芳化程度。两季秸秆还田配施氮肥可提高土壤中有机碳含量,提高土壤地力。     

Discrimination of geographical origin of rice (Oryza sativa L.) by multielement analysis using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and multivariate analysis

This study aims to determine the authenticity of the geographical origin of rice using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and chemometrics. The profiles of 25 elements in brown rice measured by ICP-AES were subjected to data-mining processes, including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). PLS-DA clearly discriminated the geographical origin of rice samples grown in three countries. Eleven elements (Cu, Ag, Zn, Cr, Ca, Ba, Cd, Bi, K, Pb, and In) significantly contributed to the ability to discriminate the geographical origin of the rice. These results demonstrate the use of multielement profiling combined with chemometrics as a tool for discriminating food origins. This study extends our knowledge about the applications of both multielement profiling and chemometrics for the determination of food authenticity, and thus can be useful for controlling the geographical origin of rice by governmental administration and protecting consumers from improper domestic labeling.     

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infected cattle using infrared thermography

In this study, infrared thermography (IRT) was assessed as a means of detecting foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-infected cattle before and after the development of clinical signs. Preliminary IRT imaging demonstrated that foot temperatures increased in FMDV-infected animals. The maximum foot temperatures of healthy (n = 53), directly inoculated (DI) (n = 12), contact (CT) (n = 6), and vaccine trial (VT) (n = 21) cattle were measured over the course of FMD infection. A cut-off value was established at 34.4 °C (sensitivity = 61.1%, specificity = 87.7%) with the aim of detecting FMDV-infected animals both before and after clinical signs were observed. Seven of 12 (58%) DI and 3/6 (50%) CT animals showed maximum foot temperatures exceeding the 34.4 °C cut-off before the development of foot vesicles. In contrast, only 5/21 (24%) VT animals displayed pre-clinical foot temperatures above this cut-off possibly indicating partial vaccine protection of this group. These results show IRT as a promising screening technology to quickly identify potentially infected animals for confirmatory diagnostic testing during FMD outbreaks. Further evaluation of this technology is needed to determine the value of IRT in detecting animals with mild clinical signs or sub-clinical infections.     

茶叶渣对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附研究

为研究茶叶渣对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附及其机理,利用台湾高山茶叶渣对水溶液中Cu2+进行了吸附实验,考察pH、吸附时间、反应温度、Cu2+初始浓度等因素对吸附效能之影响。实验结果表明：台湾高山茶叶渣对Cu2+有很好吸附效果,吸附平衡时间约为60 min;随着反应温度增加,对Cu2+的吸附效能逐渐提高。在固定初始Cu2+浓度、吸附时间、震荡转速及反应温度下,pH会影响茶叶渣对Cu2+的吸附效能,pH 4时吸附效果最佳。对Cu2+的吸附效能均可使用Langmuir与Freundlich等温吸附方程式进行推估,但比较相关系数,前者较后者有更佳的推估能力;分别计算30、40和50℃下的吸附热力学参数,对应的吉布斯自由能(ΔG0)均为负,表明该反应自发进行;焓变(ΔH0)＞0,证实该反应为吸热反应;熵变(ΔS0)＞0,说明该吸附反应是熵增的过程;茶叶渣吸附前后的红外谱图分析,表明物理吸附为茶叶渣吸附Cu2+的主要机制。     

Evaluation of a wireless infrared thermometer with a narrow field of view

Many agricultural studies rely on infrared sensors for remote measurement of surface temperatures for crop status monitoring and estimating sensible and latent heat fluxes. Historically, applications for these non-contact thermometers employed the use of hand-held or stationary industrial infrared thermometers (IRTs) wired to data loggers. Wireless sensors in agricultural applications are a practical alternative, but the availability of low cost wireless IRTs is limited. In this study, we designed prototype narrow (10°) field of view wireless infrared sensor modules and evaluated the performance of the IRT sensor by comparing temperature readings of an object (T_obj) against a blackbody calibrator in a controlled temperature room at ambient temperatures of 15 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C, and 45 °C. Additional comparative readings were taken over plant and soil samples alongside a hand-held IRT and over an isothermal target in the outdoors next to a wired IRT. The average root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) between the collected IRT object temperature readings and the blackbody target ranged between 0.10 and 0.79 °C. The wireless IRT readings also compared well with the hand-held IRT and wired industrial IRT. Additional tests performed to investigate the influence of direct radiation on IRT measurements indicated that housing the sensor in white polyvinyl chloride provided ample shielding for the self-compensating circuitry of the IR detector. The relatively low cost of the wireless IRT modules and repeatable measurements against a blackbody calibrator and commercial IR thermometers demonstrated that these wireless prototypes have the potential to provide accurate surface radiometric temperature readings in outdoor applications. Further studies are needed to thoroughly test radio frequency communication and power consumption characteristics in an outdoor setting.     

原位反应法制备NR/二氧化硅胶膜及其性能分析

研究原位生成对NR胶膜性能的影响。通过对力学性能、热老化性能、红外分析及电镜照片分析,得出原位反应可以在NR分子链中接枝二氧化硅粒子,并且在添加量为1.0%,撕裂强度为87.3721MPa,提高了264.2%。     

近红外光谱技术在天然草地牧草营养价值评价中的应用及展望

近红外光谱技术(NIRS)是近几十年迅速发展的测试分析技术,由于准确、高效、无损等检测优势,在牧草营养价值评价领域得到广泛应用,但是在天然草地牧草方面应用较少。快速、实时评价天然草地牧草营养价值,为研究天然草地营养供给和营养载畜量提供基础数据,对草地畜牧业生产具有重要意义。文章阐述了近红外光谱技术的基本原理和特点,介绍了直接法和间接法评价牧草营养价值,分别从常规营养成分、矿物元素、抗营养成分、营养物质消化率4个层次综述近红外光谱技术在2个方法中的应用,并做出展望,以期建立基于NIRS技术的天然草地牧草营养价值数据库,为天然草地的科学管理和合理利用发挥重要作用。     

乳酸介质中麦草浆纤维素的降解及其结构的变化

[目的]为利用纤维素制备热塑性高分子材料提供依据。[方法]在一定温度下,将预处理后的原料（干燥麦草浆）浸入一定量的乳酸中,搅拌一定时间后干燥至恒重,研究温度、时间对纤维素聚合度和碘吸附值的影响,并分析麦草浆纤维素在乳酸介质中化学结构的变化。[结果]温度高于30℃时,纤维素开始降解,且温度越高,纤维素降解越剧烈。温度和搅拌时间对纤维素聚合度和碘吸附值的影响较大,而乳酸用量对其影响较小。红外谱图和X-衍射图谱分析结果表明,60℃之前,麦草浆在乳酸介质中主要发生物理溶胀和少量的降解;超过70℃后,麦草浆除发生降解外,还可能伴随着化学反应,但纤维素的晶型未发生改变。[结论]该研究为纤维素在乳酸介质中的改性提供了资料。     

Canopy temperature on clear and cloudy days can be used to estimate varietal differences in stomatal conductance in rice

Leaf photosynthetic potential, a major determinant of yield potential in rice, is mostly explained by stomatal conductance (g_s) as well as leaf N content (Rubisco protein content). Therefore, the rapid and precise evaluation of g_s as well as leaf N content would be a valuable addition to rice breeding programs aimed at improved yield potential. We established a simple method based on infrared thermography to estimate varietal differences in g_s. Seven rice varieties were cultivated in two-row plots in 2007, and canopy temperatures in three varieties, including a control variety, Koshihikari, were simultaneously measured to determine canopy temperature difference (CTd) between Koshihikari and the other varieties on clear days. The varieties Takanari, Habataki, and TUAT1-5-6a displayed significantly (P < 0.05) lower leaf temperature and higher g_s and leaf photosynthetic rate (P_n) than Koshihikari. CTd was closely correlated with g_s and P_n. These results indicate that CTd may be useful as a relative index to estimate varietal differences in g_s. A significant CTd was still observed even under cloudy conditions in 2008. Takanari and TUAT1-5-6a had lower leaf temperature than Koshihikari on cloudy days as well as on clear days. Subsequent investigation of photosynthetic light response curves revealed that Takanari and TUAT1-5-6a had higher g_s and P_n than Koshihikari under lower irradiance. These results suggest that infrared thermography may be a simple method of evaluating varietal differences in g_s through CTd, and that it may be practicable even under cloudy conditions.     

阿德福韦与七元瓜环超分子相互作用的研究

利用紫外吸收光谱法(UV-Vis)、红外光谱法(IR)及差示扫描量热法(DSC)等考察了七元瓜环(Q[7])与阿德福韦(PMEA)的相互作用.结果表明:Q[7]与PMEA相互作用形成包结比为1∶1的主-客体包合物,包结平衡常数为(2.81±0.04)x104L/mol;在0＜pH＜6范围内均能观察到主客体的相互作用,在...