区域人口—经济—生态环境耦合协调空间分异规律研究

以安徽省16个地级市为研究对象,通过ArcGIS的空间分析工具和Geoda1.0.6软件,分析各市人口、经济、生态环境耦合协调发展的空间分布特征及空间集聚效应。研究表明：人口—经济—生态环境耦合度分布较为均衡,除亳州外都处于拮抗阶段;人口—经济—生态环境耦合协调度空间分布较不均衡,皖北和江淮地区主要属于轻度失调衰退类,皖南地区主要属于濒临失调衰退类;人口—经济—生态环境耦合协调度的空间集聚特征显著,其中H—H集聚现象主要分布在皖南地区,L—L集聚现象主要分布在皖北地区。     

陕北黄土丘陵区新农村植被建设问题分析

为了促进陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区新农村植被建设的健康发展,对该区新农村植被建设进行了调查,发现新农村植被建设过程中存在着3个主要问题.(1)喜欢选择常绿树种,且多以松类、柏类为主,影响了当地以苹果、梨为主的果业发展.(2)模仿城市绿化,热衷于修建广场和草坪,导致田园风光、传统文化等乡村特色消失.(3)树种、草种比较单一,多为外来树种,不能反映区域特色,且树种、草种间搭配不够合理,存在着相克现象.建议新农村植被建设以乡土树种为主,合理搭配树种.突出田园风光和区域特色.     

农民增收与农业生态环境协调发展对策——以山东聊城为例

农业生态环境问题已成为我国农产品出口的制约因素,并且影响着我国农民的增收,引起了各界学者的密切关注。本文以聊城市为例,首先介绍了本地农民的收入结构;其次从化肥、农膜、农药的使用等方面对农业生态环境的影响进行了进一步探讨,主要影响有水体污染、土壤结构改变、大气成分的变化等。最后,从科学使用化肥、农药、农膜,以及节水灌溉,加大宣传力度等方面提出了农民增收与农业生态环境和谐发展的对策。     

The efficiency of nitrogen in cattle manures when applied to a double‐annual forage cropping system

The use of cattle manure (CM) for fertilization presents challenges for optimizing nitrogen (N) use. Our work aimed to assess N efficiencies, in a 6‐year experiment with three biennial rotations of four crops: oat–sorghum (first year) and ryegrass–maize (second year) in a rainfed humid Mediterranean area of Spain. Fertilization treatments included the following: control (no N), 250 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1 (250MN), three CM rates (supplying 170, 250 and 500 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) and four treatments where the two lowest CM rates were complemented with either 80 or 160 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1. Treatments were distributed randomly in each of three blocks. Maximum dry‐matter yield (~44–49 t ha^?1 rotation^?1) was achieved in the third rotation, and only the control and the 170CM yielded significantly less. Within the limitations of the EU Nitrate Directive, the N steady state supply of 170CM always requires a complement of mineral N (80 kg N ha^?1) to maximize N agronomic efficiency. The maximum N‐fertilizer replacement value (250CM vs. 250MN) was 0·67, without significant differences between the two treatments in other N‐related efficiency indexes, which indicates that plants took advantage of residual‐N effects. Nitrogen losses by leaching in the 250CM treatment were around 5–7% of the N applied. This reinforces the sustainability of manure recycling in long cropping seasons.     

从森林绿色核算看我国林业政策的优化

为了更好地为林业管理决策服务和为政策制定提供依据,该文在对国内外绿色核算研究综述的基础上,论述了绿色核算的概念,探讨了森林绿色核算的政策应用. 文章通过对我国2000、2004年的森林绿色核算研究结果的认真分析指出:2000—2004年,我国森林eaGDP(经环境调整的GDP)增加了0.11%,反映出林业对国民经济的贡献是不断增加的; 在我国森林环境服务、社会效益中,土壤保育、森林防护效益最大,固碳供养、水源涵养效益次之,森林游憩效益最小. 因此,在森林间接效益利用中,受益最大的是农业、水利、电力等部门,受益最小的是林业部门本身. 该文还对我国的森林绿色核算结果进行了政策优化分析,提出了加强政府对森林资源保护的直接管制和补偿,提供资助,加强森林资源保护的地方标准、法律的制定,促进林业人力资本的发展,明确产权等建议,以促进实现社会经济发展与森林资源增长的目标.      

嘉陵江与乌江重要渔业功能区水生态环境质量研究

研究结果表明,嘉陵江与乌江重要渔业功能区渔业水生态环境质量综合评价均为轻污染,部分采样点重金属和有机物均有超标现象,单项污染指数表明水质主要污染物为总P和石油类,总P超标严重,水质pH值、总P、挥发酚、石油类、Cr~(6 )、非离子氨具有相关性。并提出改善该渔业功能区水生态环境质量的对策。     

不同窝箱环境对育成期水貂生长性能的影响

选择45日龄健康公母水貂各50只,随机分为5组,每组10个重复,其中A、AB、AC、AD组均为新型窝箱且构造各不相同,E组为传统窝箱。结果表明:窝箱环境对母貂的体重没有显著影响(P>0.05);AD组公貂的体重明显低于其他各组,与E组差异显著(P<0.05);不同组别水貂采食量所呈现的差异性基本上与水貂体重所呈现的差异性大体一致;窝箱环境对水貂干物质和蛋白质消化率没有显著性作用(P>0.05);不同组间母貂的氮代谢水平基本一致(P>0.05),E组公貂食入氮和粪氮最高,但在氮沉积和净蛋白利用率上与其他各组不存在显著性差异(P>0.05);AC窝箱干净度最高,各组间不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。由此得出:窝箱环境不能影响饲粮营养物质的消化代谢能力,但能影响公貂的采食量及体重。     

青藏铁路沿线植物生态资源调查初步报告

通过对格尔木至拉萨段铁路沿线目前生态环境和青藏铁路建设过程中产生的生态环境影响为期21 d的调查,初步总结沿线主要植物种382个,主要呈现出5个生态分区,并提出青藏铁路后期建设的建议.     

Productive performance of weanling piglets was improved by administration of a mixture of bacteriophages,targeted to control Coliforms and Clostridium spp. shedding in a challenging environment

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of bacteriophages in different environments on growth performance, digestibility, ileal and caecal microbiota, gut morphology and immunity of weanling pigs. Two hundred piglets were randomly assigned to four treatment groups with five replicate pens with 10 pigs per pen. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to investigate the response of weanling pigs to supplemental bacteriophages (0 and 1.0 g/kg of diet) in contaminated or hygienic environments. Bacteriophages supplementation did not affect average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain:feed in phases I and III; however, there was a significant improvement in ADG and gain:feed in phase II. The supplementation of bacteriophages increased the overall gain:feed of pigs. The overall result showed a greater ADG and ADFI in hygienic room. There were reductions in population of both ileal (p < 0.05) and caecal (p < 0.01) Clostridium spp. and ileal coliforms (p < 0.01) with the inclusion of bacteriophages in the diet. Bacteriophages increased ileal Lactobacillus and caecal Bifidobacterium and tended to increase ileal Bifidobacterium (p = 0.08). Contaminated environment decreased ileal Lactobacillus and caecal Bifidobacterium and tended to increase ileal Clostridium (p = 0.08) and coliforms (p = 0.08). Total anaerobic bacteria was tended to decrease (p = 0.06) in contaminated environment. Jejunal villus height increased in pigs received bacteriophages, but they did not affect other morphological items. The interaction between bacteriophages and environment tended to be significant (p = 0.06) for ileal villus height and ileal villus height to crypt depth ratio. The overall faecal score was significantly greater in hygienic environment and bacteriophages groups. The present findings indicate that there is an interactive effect on feed efficiency between bacteriophages and contaminated environment. In addition, bacteriophages improve jejunum morphology, and intestinal microbiota of pigs.