电动汽车用内置式永磁无刷直流电机设计研究

设计一台电动汽车用内置式永磁无刷直流电动机,分析气隙尺寸、永磁体厚度、定子绕组匝数等主要结构参数对电机效率、转矩电流比的影响,针对电动车辆复杂的工况对比分析不同负载率下电机的运行性能,完成优化样机研制及测试.研究结果表明：在机械加工能力允许的前提下,适当减小气隙长度可提高电机低速区性能;在兼顾成本的同时,适当增加永磁体用量可提升电机整体性能;适当减少绕组匝数可提高电机高速区性能,但会导致低速区的转矩电流比下降.电机在额定负载时整体效率最高,说明设计方案对额定点的选取合理;转矩电流比随负载率的增加而增大,分析认为这与输出转矩中的磁阻转矩分量有关,这是内置式永磁电机与表贴式永磁电机的一个重要区别,设计需要特别注意.样机测试结果表明：恒转矩区和恒功率区的转矩、功率都满足驱动系统要求.     

赤峰市丘陵坡地不同跨度日光温室综合性能比较分析

针对目前内蒙古自治区目光温室跨度建造不规范的现状,试验比较分析了赤峰市跨度分别为8．0m、8．5m、9．0m、9．5m和10．0m日光温室的光热特性、产量、生产成本以及投入产出比差异,结果表明：在其它建造参数不变的情况下,在该试验条件下,随着温室跨度增加,温室透光率、空气温度、空气湿度、土壤温度环境因子逐渐变优;平均667m^2产量逐渐增加,10m跨度日光温室秋冬茬番茄两年平均产量9310．4kg/67m^2,显著高于8m跨度产量8470．6kg／667m^2;建造成本、折旧成本、生产成本都在增加,但投入产出比也在增加,10m跨度投入产出比为1：3．8．而8m跨度为1：3．6     

F小体检测奶牛XY精子纯度

为了建立F小体检测奶牛精子纯度的方法,试验采用正交设计检测精子F小体不同的胰酶消化时间（40min,60min,80min）、喹吖因染色浓度（0．4％,0．5％,0．6％）和染色时间（10min,20min,30min）的优化方案,并且对分选X、Y精子及常规精液的F小体进行染色检测,评价分选X、Y精子的纯度。结果显示分选x、Y精子及常规精液在0．25％胰酶消化20min后0．5％喹吖因染色10min的条件下,纯度分别为92．7％、92．5％、48．3％与对应精子的理论纯度（93．3％,93．7％,50％）差异均不显著（P〉0．05）。因此本实验建立的F小体检测法可用于XY精子纯度的检测。     

氮肥基施与追施比例对烤烟光合特性及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

【目的】研究氮肥基施与追施比例对烤烟叶片色素含量、光合特性及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响,为提高烟株氮肥利用率提供参考。【方法】以"云烟87"为试验材料,以不施氮肥为对照(CK),研究氮肥不同基施与追施比例(T1.全部氮肥作基肥;T2.氮肥80%作基肥,20%作追肥;T3.氮肥60%作基肥,40%作追肥)对烟株色素含量、光合特性及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响。【结果】增加氮肥追施比例能提高后期烤烟叶片的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量。在烤烟整个生育期,施氮处理的烟叶净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均基本表现为随氮肥追施比例的提高而增大,且均高于对照;胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)在烤烟整个生育期以T3处理最高。移栽后45d,T1处理的硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性最高;移栽后60～75d,硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性基本随着氮肥追施比例的增大而增加。【结论】追施氮肥保证了烟株后期生长对氮肥的同化能力,改善了烟株的光合特性,其中氮肥60%作基肥,40%作追肥为最佳施氮模式。     

白芨瓶内假鳞茎诱导研究

[目的]研究白芨组培苗瓶内假鳞茎形成的影响因素,提高白芨组培苗炼苗成活率,为白芨组培苗在生产上的应用提供技术支持.[方法]以优质白芨组培苗为材料,探讨基本培养基、蔗糖用量、激素和添加物对白芨瓶内假鳞茎诱导的影响.[结果]在MS培养基中,假鳞茎诱导率和平均粒径达到最大值,最适宜白芨假鳞茎诱导.30.0g/L蔗糖较适宜诱导白芨假鳞茎,其诱导率较高,且有利于假鳞茎生长膨大.在6-BA、KT、NAA、IBA 4种激素不同组合中,以6-BA＋KT＋NAA组合的假鳞茎诱导率和平均粒径均显著高于其他组合,其最佳激素配比是6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋KT 0.5mg/L＋NAA 0.2 mg/L.在最佳激素配比培养基中添加40.0 g/L香蕉泥、40.0 g/L上豆泥和1.0 g/L花宝四号,其假鳞茎诱导率和平均粒径均最高,且植株长势较好.[结论]白芨组培苗瓶内假鳞茎诱导的最佳培养基配方是MS＋6-BA 1.0mg/L＋KT 0.5 mg/L＋NAA 0.2 mg/L＋香蕉40.0 g/L＋土豆40.0 g/L＋花宝四号1.0 g/L＋活性炭1.0 g/L＋蔗糖30.0 g/L.     

不同碳氮比对苹果渣发酵基质有效氮和主要理化性状的影响·

设计了不同C／N值的苹果渣发酵试验,研究发酵后苹果渣的有效氮含量以及主要理化性状。结果表明,随着C／N值的降低,苹果渣发酵基质有效氮的含量和pH值均呈现升高的趋势,并呈显著负相关;苹果渣发酵基质的容重略有增加。     

套种番茄对大棚基质栽培大蒜生长和产量的 影响

为了解大棚基质栽培的大蒜在单、套作条件下生长及产量的差异,设置番茄单作、番茄/大蒜
套作、大蒜单作3 个处理,测定大蒜生长量、产量及基质理化性质。结果表明：与番茄套作的大蒜形态指
标显著低于单作大蒜;套作显著降低了大蒜的鳞茎质量和总产量,同时显著提高了独头率和独头蒜产量。
番茄/大蒜套作土地当量比高达1.56,具有明显的套作优势。在及时摘除番茄老叶、精细管理的栽培措施下,
套作大蒜独头率高达58.1%。大蒜单、套作基质的氮、磷、钾含量均较高,蔗糖酶和脲酶活性、细菌和放
线菌数量也无显著差异,套作大蒜生长的限制条件是光照。     

基于GGE双标图和比强度选择的棉花品种生态区划分

由于农作物品种区域试验是品种审定和推广应用的前提,而区域试验中基因型与环境的互作效应是普遍存在的,因而探索和利用试验环境在鉴别基因型遗传差异和对品种在目标环境中的平均表现代表性方面的作用以辅助品种选育和推广的问题,越来越受到植物育种家和农技推广人员的高度关注。我们采用GGE双标图分析方法对2000—2010年期间27组长江流域国家级棉花品种区域试验的目标环境中可能存在的基于棉纤维比强度选择的品种生态区进行探索与划分,并对品种生态区划分结果进行信息比(IR)校正,以提高品种生态区划分的可靠性。结果表明:(1)基于纤维比强度选择的GGE双标图分析的总体有效拟合度为68.4%,其中有13次出现过度拟合或拟合不充分现象,总体拟合可靠性一般。而基于IR-GGE模型的总体拟合度为73.7%,比GGE双标图的有效拟合度提高6.0%,说明采用IR对双标图分析的结果进行优化和校正可以提高品种生态区划分的可靠性。(2)根据GGE双标图分析结果,我国长江流域棉区大致可划分为4个基于纤维比强度选择的品种生态区,第1个品种生态区包括安庆、襄樊、南通和岳阳,第2个品种生态区包括常德、九江和武汉,第3个品种生态区包括慈溪、南京、黄冈、荆州和盐城,第4个品种生态区包括南阳、简阳和射洪。而基于IR较正的GGE模型则可划分为3个品种生态区:第1个为主体品种生态区,包括安庆、武汉、九江、襄樊、南阳、岳阳、常德、黄冈、荆州、南京和慈溪11个试验点,第2个品种生态区包括南通和简阳,第3个品种生态区包括盐城和射洪。IR校正后长江流域棉区的品种生态区划分更准确可靠,地理区域特性也更明显,说明地理环境因素对纤维比强度的选择效果仍然有很大的影响力,四川盆地棉区和江苏沿海棉区并不适宜开展针对整个长江流域棉区的广适性棉花纤维比强度选择,从而为长江流域棉区棉花纤维比强度的选择和推荐策略提供了科学的决策依据。     

Effects of Long-Term Fertilizer Application and Rainfall Distribution on Cotton Productivity,Profitability, and Soil Fertility in a Semi-arid Vertisol

Long-term fertilizer experiments were conducted on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) for 21 years with eight fertilizer treatments in a fixed site during 1987–2007 to identify an efficient treatment to ensure maximum yield, greater sustainability, monetary returns, rainwater-use efficiency, and soil fertility over years. The results indicated that the yield was significantly influenced by fertilizer treatments in all years except 1987 1988, and 1994. The mean cotton yield ranged from 492 kg ha^?1 under the control to 805 kg ha^?1 under 25 kg nitrogen (N) [farmyard manure (FYM)] + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg phosphorus (P) ha^?1. Among the nutrients, soil N buildup was observed with all treatments, whereas application of 25 kg N + 12.5 kg P ha^?1 exhibited increase in P status. Interestingly, depletion of potassium (K) was recorded under all the fertilizer treatments as there was no K application in any of the treatments. An increase in soil N and P increased the plant N and P uptake respectively. Using relationships of different variables, principal component (PC) analysis technique was used for assessing the efficiency of treatments. In all the treatments, five PCs were found significant that explained the variability in the data of variables. The PC model of 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha^?1 explained maximum variability of 79.6% compared to other treatments. The treatment-wise PC scores were determined and used in developing yield prediction models and measurement of sustainability yield index (SYI). The SYI ranged from 44.4% in control to 72.7% in 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha^?1, which attained a mean cotton yield of 805 kg ha^?1 over years. Application of 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha^?1 was significantly superior in recording maximum rainwater-use efficiency (1.13 kg ha^?1 mm^?1) and SYI (30.5%). This treatment also gave maximum gross returns of Rs. 30272 ha^?1 with benefit–cost ratio of 1.60 and maintained maximum organic carbon and available N, P, and K in soil over years. These findings are extendable to cotton grown under similar soil and agroclimatic conditions in any part of the world.     

Influence of Aggregate Size,Electrolyte Concentration,and Sodium Adsorption Ratio on Crack Parameters of a Vertisol

Shrinking–swelling and crack formation influence soil physical behavior and productivity. Soil factors affecting crack formation and dimensions are clay content and mineralogy, aggregate stability as well as total concentration (C_t), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of soil solution. Tillage intensity, which determines aggregate size, may also play a significant role in crack formation and dimensions. In the present work, total length, mean width, total area, and cover percentage of cracks were studied, under laboratory conditions, in beds of two aggregate sizes (<1 and 2–1 mm) of a Vertisol. The beds were saturated, equilibrated with sodium chloride (NaCl)/calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solutions of C_t 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mmol/L and SARs 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20 (mmol/L)^1/2, and allowed to air‐dry. After air‐drying, pictures of the samples were taken and used for the calculation of crack parameters by a scanning program. The results showed that aggregate size was the dominant factor determining the crack parameters: the cracks formed in beds of aggregates <1 mm were wider and of a smaller total length, total area, and cover percentage (p < 0.05) than those cracks formed in beds of aggregates 2–1 mm in size. It was also determined that changes of C_t resulted in a greater influence on crack characteristics than changes of SAR in the equilibrating solutions.