江河源区草地退化与生态环境的综合治理

严重退化的高寒草甸——黑土滩,是江河源区生态环境恶化的综合标志。根据甘肃草原生态研究所、青海省气象局和中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所各自研究所获结果的基础,作者提出了新的认识,气候变异是江河源区高寒草甸退化的主要原因,不合理的草地利用加剧了黑土滩的蔓延和危害。在此基础上,提出了江河源区退化草地综合治理与恢复的措施,生态治理与整顿放牧相结合,开展以“小流域”为单元的综合治理,应用3S技术精确规划、引进关键技术等;天然草地围栏,暖棚建设,多年生人工草地建植,太阳能利用是可引进的关键技术。     

Reactions of phosphorus with sediments in fresh and marine waters

Abstract. The interactions of P with soils and sediments are examined in the context of transport processes from land, through rivers to estuaries and coastal waters. In soil erosion, selective size fractionation and preferential sorption to finer solids is crucial in the transport of P to water courses. Problems in quantifying the sorption affinity and equilibrium phosphate concentration (EPC) of mixtures of different soils and sediments are identified. Riverine transport of P by suspended solids is usually very important and examples of the changes in the amount and composition of particulate P (PP) concentration during storm events are discussed. Increased P content of solids during the first autumn storms, probably reflect the resuspension of accumulated stream bed-deposits. The fate of P in estuaries and their importance as possible long-term sinks of P are discussed. The relatively high concentrations of dissolved P associated with riverine inputs are to some extent buffered by the relatively high concentrations of suspended sediments resulting from tidal flows. Phosphorus may be released during transport to the sea due to decreases in the EPC, increases in salinity and release from bottom sediments as a result of low oxygen conditions.     

2000—2020年西藏“一江两河”地区人类活动对植被覆盖变化的影响

[目的] 探究西藏“一江两河”(雅鲁藏布江、年楚河和拉萨河)地区人类活动对植被覆盖变化的影响机制,为该区开展山水林田湖草沙冰一体化保护与修复工程实施提供理论依据和科学指导。 [方法] 基于2000—2020年归一化植被指数、土地利用数据、生态工程数据和气象数据,利用GIS技术、残差分析、slope趋势分析和M-K检验等方法,研究“一江两河”地区人类活动对植被覆盖时空变化的影响机制。 [结果] ①2000—2020年研究区植被NDVI总体呈增加趋势,但表现出显著的空间差异性,NDVI增加区主要集中在河谷两岸。 ②2000—2020年人类活动对NDVI正向影响区主要集中在雅鲁藏布江和拉萨河等河谷地带,负向影响主要分布在拉萨市区及其周边地区,分布较少,以正向影响为主导。 ③不同土地利用类型对植被覆盖变化的影响程度不同,草地和灌丛对NDVI变化的贡献率最大,两者共达到92.8%,其中城镇和森林面积急剧增加,城镇生态系统增加面积主要由农田和草地生态系统转入,森林和灌丛生态系统主要由草地和荒漠生态系统转入。 ④生态工程林是研究区NDVI增加主要原因之一,生态工程林面积变化与NDVI变化率、残差变化率均呈极显著正相关关系,同时生态工程林能够较好地解释残差变化。 [结论] 人类活动是西藏“一江两河”地区地表植被覆盖变化的重要促进因素,适度的生态工程对植被恢复有重要作用。     

杭州城市河道生态治理实践及成效

评估杭州市城市河道生态治理成效,为更好地指导城市河道生态修复工作提供借鉴。后横港、沿山河、新塘河和南大河位于杭州市中心城区,水质都处于劣V类,蓝藻水华和黑臭暴发频繁,从2014年开始,分别开展了一系列生态修复工程。测定氨氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、溶解氧指标判断水质改善情况,分析浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物判断水体生态修复程度。氨氮后横港下降超过80%,沿山河和南大河下降60%左右;总磷后横港下降接近70%,其他河道下降23%~55%;后横港、沿山河、新塘河高锰酸盐指数进一步降低,部分河道高锰酸盐指数能达到II类水水平;溶解氧浓度都明显上升,均能达到III类以上水平。南大河的浮游植物密度达到了水华暴发的水平;各条河道的原生动物和轮虫类密度都较高,但Shannon多样性指数普遍在1~2;枝角类和桡足类密度偏低;底栖动物Shannon指数均低于1,指示河道处于严重污染状态。杭州市城市河道生态治理工作的中心是:沉水植物恢复及以沉水植物恢复为基础、包含浮游动物和底栖动物等在内全水域生物多样性恢复的生态系统恢复。     

基于流域尺度的中国北方沙地空间分布特征

沙漠河岸是独特的地理单元,在世界主要沙漠中普遍存在,风水复合地貌过程是其独特性的突出表现.文中以中国北方三级流域中沙地为研究对象,应用景观生态学中景观指数方法,以及统计学的主成分-聚类分析方法,对流域内风沙地貌空间分布组合状况进行划分:1)山前盆地-梳状水系-片状沙丘分布.2)山地高原-辐散状水系-带状沙丘分布.3)高...     

干旱区绿洲土壤盐分空间异质性及人为驱动力分析

通过对渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲土壤含盐量空间异质性及人为驱动力分析,结果表明:土壤含盐量在0-10cm、10-30cm和30-50cm具有一致的空间分布格局,在绿洲的东部、南部和东南部含量分布相对较高,绿洲西部和西北部的含量分布偏低,而在绿洲北部和西南部,土壤含盐量具有中等水平的空间分布。人口的增长以及人类不合理的经济活动致使绿洲部分区域受人为活动影响严重,灌区地下水位上升、土壤弃耕严重,致使盐分在土壤中急剧增加,表聚强烈。因此,改变不合理的经济增长方式,研究先进的农业种植技术,有效控制人口增长速度以及制定相应的盐渍化防治措施是目前渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲急需解决的首要问题。     

关于东北地区河流名称及成因的几点看法

摘 要：通观中国河流名称，以“江”、“河”命名者居多，且具明显地域特色：南方河流以“江”命名者居多数；而北方则大多数被称为“河”；但东北地区却为一特例，该地区的大多数河流都称之为“江”，比如松花江、黑龙江、嫩江、牡丹江等等，而辽河流域则全部以“～河”命名。这一现象的出现，既基于一定的自然地理因素，更与中国江河概念的形成、传播有关。     

三江源区高寒草甸湿地植被退化与土壤有机碳损失

人为活动影响下陆地生态系统退化对于土壤碳库损失的影响规模是当前全球变化研究的热点。在青海省三江源区选择了8个高寒草甸典型样区,划分4种不同退化程度样地（原生植被、轻度退化、重度退化、极度退化）,收割法采集地上部植物生物量,10cm等深度采集表土土壤样品,分析了地上生物量、可食牧草生物量以及土壤有机碳含量变化。结果表明,随着退化程度的加剧,地上生物量和饲草生物量均表现强烈下降的趋势,但后者的下降幅度更大,在极度退化下损失达99％。研究区内高寒湿地土壤的表土有机碳含量出现极大的变异性,随退化程度的加剧而呈显著下降。与原生植被下相比,轻度退化、重度退化和极度退化下0-30cm土壤有机碳含量分别平均降低了25％、44％和52％。这种损失固然与地上部生物量下降有关,有机碳分层系数显示土壤侵蚀也是重要因素。估计退化下土壤有机碳平均下降36tC·hm^-2,累积退化下表土有机碳损失可能在200TgC以上,保护高寒草甸生态系统,对于三江源区土壤的畜牧业可持续发展和我国陆地生态系统碳库具有极重要的意义。     

Bed disturbance below dams: observations from two Mediterranean rivers

River‐bed disturbance and associated sedimentary processes such as particle mobility are central elements to assess river ecosystem functioning. Dams change river dynamics affecting the magnitude and frequency of biophysical elements that depend on them. This paper examines the effects of two dams different in size, management, and location, on the flow regime, flood competence, and bed disturbance in two contrasting Mediterranean rivers, the Ésera and the Siurana. For this purpose, two reaches on each river were monitored upstream and downstream from reservoirs. Several monitoring and modeling techniques were used to characterize flow competence, particle entrainment, and the volumes of sediments eroded and deposited after floods. The flow regime of the Ésera has been modified from nivo‐pluvial regime, typical of humid mountainous environments, to that observed in dry semiarid regions, in which high magnitude but low frequency floods are the dominant processes. Conversely, the flow regime of the Siurana has changed from a typical Mediterranean stream to a regime observed in more temperate environments, with more permanent and stable flows. Both rivers show notably physical changes, with channels clearly less dynamic below the dams. The lack of competent flows together with the sediment deficit associated with the dams has led to less active fluvial environments (reduced particle mobility and bed scour dynamics), a fact that affects instream habitat structure (more uniform grain size distribution, less physical heterogeneity, more stable flows), overall contributing to the degradation of the stream corridor and the subsequent environmental deterioration of the whole fluvial landscape. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flood pulse and the dynamics of fish assemblage structure from neotropical floodplain lakes

Abstract – The dynamics of fish assemblages from seven floodplain lakes of Salado River (Argentina) was monthly analysed during two contrasting hydrological seasons. Partial canonical correspondence analysis indicated that assemblage structure was predictably linked to environmental characteristics that varied along temporal and spatial scales. Species distributed differentially along an environmental gradient of temperature, hydrometric level, conductivity, macrophyte cover and transparency in relation to their sensory capabilities (following piscivory‐transparency‐morphometry model) and life history strategies. During high water season, assemblages were associated with temperature and hydrometric level, factors which varied mainly across temporal scales and exhibit a regional range of action. During low waters, assemblage structure correlated with macrophyte cover and transparency, factors that varied fundamentally on spatial scales and have local impact. These results indicate that the determinism of fish assemblages does not vary substantially between hydrometric periods, although the environmental variables affecting fish assemblages and their scale of action are clearly different.