青海省三江源草地生态退化成因分析

采用SPSS主成分分析法,并结合实地调研,主要对三江源地区草地退化的成因进行定量分析。结果表明：自然因素和人为因素对于该研究区域草地的退化都具有作用和效力,只是作用方向不同。然而,最终导致该地区草地急剧退化的主导因素为人为因素（人口增长、牲畜超载严重、经济活动等）,尤其是超载过牧,迫使草地大面积退化、沙化、荒漠化,再加上鼠虫害等自然灾害的影响,则进一步加快草地退化的速度。     

巢湖东部水源区及入湖河流无机氮形态特征及影响研究(英文)

[目的]对我国巢湖东部水源区及入湖河流无机氮的形态特征及其影响进行研究。[方法]研究巢湖东部水源区及入湖河流溶解性无机氮(DIN)的形态组成和分布特征,并探讨它们对水质的影响。[结果]NH3-N、NO2--N平均浓度在汛期较高,非汛期较低,NO3--N正好相反;双桥河口NH3-N浓度远高于其他各点,污染最为严重。柘皋河口、小柘皋河口DIN主要为生活污水及工业废水污染所致;双桥河口地表径流、船舶污染等对DIN含量贡献较大。[结论]该研究为巢湖富营养化控制和治理提供了基础数据和理论依据。     

Dams in the Amazon: The importance of maintaining free-flowing tributaries for fish reproduction

1. Free-flowing tributaries are important for the maintenance of fish diversity in dammed systems. In relation to the reproduction of fish species, the role of a free-flowing tributary was evaluated and compared with that of a dammed tributary downstream of large dams in the Madeira River, one of the main tributaries of the Amazon River.
2. Two hypotheses were tested: (i) the densities of the ichthyoplankton differ between the dammed and the free-flowing tributaries; and (ii) the free-flowing tributary contributes a greater diversity of fish larvae species to the assemblage structure of the main stem than the dammed tributary.
3. Fish eggs and larvae were sampled at five sites: one in each tributary (Jamari – dammed – and Machado – free-flowing) and three in the main stem (Madeira River), upstream and downstream from the mouth of each tributary.
4. Fitted Bayesian models showed that the densities both of eggs and larvae were more than twice as high in the free-flowing tributary than in the dammed tributary. The results also indicated that the free-flowing tributary makes a major contribution to the fish assemblage structure of the Madeira River, whereas the dammed tributary does not have a significant influence on the main stem assemblage structure.
5. The results demonstrate the importance of conservation and maintenance not only of the Machado River but also of other free-flowing tributaries in dammed basins, especially those basins with high biodiversity, such as the Amazon. Moreover, this study helps inform the decision-making process regarding the location of new dams, which is critical in fish diversity conservation.

     

Managing threats and restoring wetlands within catchments of the Great Barrier Reef,Australia

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Potential impacts of agricultural development on freshwater biodiversity in the Lake Victoria basin

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景观河道病原微生物分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

鉴于当前城市人口密集、公众与景观水体接触日益增多、水体整体环境较差的现状,为正确评价景观河道环境现状,以上海市中心城区3条不同营养状态及功能河道为例,选取2017年汛期5场连续降雨,分析了河道病原微生物的分布特征及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明,劣Ⅴ类水质的河道a晴天粪大肠菌群平均浓度为1.72×10~3MPN/mL,雨天为3.34×10~3MPN/mL,水质较好的河道b和河道c晴天与雨天粪大肠菌群平均浓度保持10~2MPN/mL。晴天3条河道大肠菌群平均浓度相差2个数量级,河道a为5.15×10~3CFU/mL,河道b和河道c分别为30 CFU/mL和99 CFU/mL;雨天大肠菌群平均浓度河道a为1.04×10~5CFU/mL,河道b和河道c分别为289 CFU/mL和147 CFU/mL。在变化趋势上,降雨导致粪大肠菌群和大肠菌群浓度增加,但大肠菌群浓度增加的程度明显高于粪大肠菌群。相关分析显示,3条河道内粪大肠菌群和大肠菌群与环境因子相关性存在一定差异,但基本都表现为与TN、TP和NH_3-N显著正相关,控制河道氮磷营养水平能显著抑制病原微生物增殖。     

三江源地区“黑土滩”退化草地现状及治理对策

通过对三江源地区“黑土滩”退化草地现状及成因的系统阐述,有针对性地提出实施退牧还草工程、建植多年生人工半人工草地、制定草场合理载畜量、防治鼠害、防除毒杂草、施肥等措施是治理“黑土滩”退化草地的重要途径。     

长春市饮水水源上游河流绿化情况的调查

长春市饮水水源上游河流的调查结果表明：影响长春市饮水水源的大小河流有20条,其中流域长度在15 km以上的有13条,其余的均在2～15 km之间。全区河流总长度为437.38 km,河流绿化的总长度为61.1 km,河流绿化率为13.96%。全区水土流失面积54 000 hm2,每年流失土壤167.34万t,每年流失到下游河道及水库的泥沙约225万t。建议用3 a时间把饮马河、双阳河及流入上述河流的20余条河流及水库周围全部绿化起来,确保长春市饮水水源的安全。     

14条环太湖河流水质与茭草、水花生氮磷含量

选取环太湖14条主要河流为研究对象,分析河流水质和水生植物优势种(水花生和茭草)中氮磷含量,探讨两者的相关性。结果表明:自实施综合整治以来,环太湖河流水质有所好转,氮污染是目前环太湖河流的主要污染特征,有效削减其入河量是太湖入湖河流治理的重要任务;水花生总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)累积能力均强于茭草,水花生叶(茎)中TN、TP含量分别是33.88～55.70g·kg-(122.10～29.96g·kg-1)、4.44～8.96g·kg-(13.43～8.02g·kg-1);茭草叶(茎)中TN、TP含量分别是12.30～21.41g·kg-(121.75～31.22g·kg-1)、2.06～6.58g·kg-(12.60～7.81g·kg-1)。水花生和茭草叶茎中TN含量与水体中TN浓度均无显著相关性,但两种植物叶茎中TP含量与水体中TP浓度呈显著正相关,即在一定浓度范围内,水体中P浓度越高,水花生和茭草体内P的累积量越大。     

封闭型内陆湖泊夏季氮素赋存特征——以达里诺尔湖为例

氮素是影响湖泊初级生产力的主要因素之一。近年来,受气候干旱及上游用水量增加等因素的影响,大多数封闭性内陆湖都面临着湖面萎缩、湖水因营养盐浓度增加而逐渐恶化的问题。本文以内蒙古高原境内封闭型内陆湖泊——达里诺尔湖为例,于2017年夏季采集湖水、间隙水、沉积物、入湖河流等样品。对湖泊氮素赋存特征、迁移趋势做出分析,并且对入湖河流携带的氮素对湖泊水质的影响展开讨论。结果表明:氨氮(NH_4~+-N)是上覆水中占比例最高的形态氮。总氮(TN)、硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)含量随水深从浅到深基本保持不变。只有B6、E2、E5样点的NH_4~+-N在水深1.5 m向下处含量有所波动。表层沉积物TN均值2 809.97 mg·kg~(-1),可交换态氮占TN含量6.74%;河水中占比例最高的形态氮是NO_3~--N,四条入湖河流中,TN、NH_4~+-N含量最高的是沙里河,NO_3~--N含量最高的是亮子河;每年由入湖河流携带入湖的TN量为120 t。总体来看,达里诺尔湖氮素赋存特征为:NH_4~+-N是上覆水的主导形态氮,TN及各形态氮含量在不同深度水层掺混均匀,无明显的分层现象。沉积物TN含量较高且氮素迁移能力较强。TN、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N表现为由沉积物到上覆水的释放状态,而NH_4~+-N则以上覆水到沉积物的吸附状态为主。河流的输入对湖水TN含量有稀释作用,但会增加湖水NO_3~--N的负荷。