Typology of historical sources and the reconstruction of long‐term historical changes of riverine fish: a case study of the Austrian Danube and northern Russian rivers

Historical data are widely used in river ecology to define reference conditions or to investigate the evolution of aquatic systems. Most studies rely on printed documents from the 19th century, thus missing pre‐industrial states and human impacts. This article discusses historical sources that can be used to reconstruct the development of riverine fish communities from the Late Middle Ages until the mid‐20th century. Based on the studies of the Austrian Danube and northern Russian rivers, we propose a classification scheme of printed and archival sources and describe their fish ecological contents. Five types of sources were identified using the origin of sources as the first criterion: (i) early scientific surveys, (ii) fishery sources, (iii) fish trading sources, (iv) fish consumption sources and (v) cultural representations of fish. Except for early scientific surveys, all these sources were produced within economic and administrative contexts. They did not aim to report about historical fish communities, but do contain information about commercial fish and their exploitation. All historical data need further analysis for a fish ecological interpretation. Three case studies from the investigated Austrian and Russian rivers demonstrate the use of different source types and underline the necessity for a combination of different sources and a methodology combining different disciplinary approaches. Using a large variety of historical sources to reconstruct the development of past fish ecological conditions can support future river management by going beyond the usual approach of static historical reference conditions.     

Priority habitats for the conservation of large river fish in the Ganges river basin

• 1. Three classes of habitat used by groups of fish species classified as conservation and management priorities were developed for the Gerua River (also known as the Girwa River, Karnali River) in the Ganges river basin. This river is large (mean annual discharge ca 1500 m³ s^?1, up to 900 m wide), surrounded by protected lands of India and Nepal, and upstream of major diversions and river alterations.
• 2. Fish and habitat sampling was conducted at 45 sites from 2000 to 2003. Data were analysed for 2172 fish of 14 species. Species and life stages found occupying a statistically distinct subset of the river habitats were grouped to identify classes of river habitat for conservation.
• 3. Most species and life‐stage groups specialized on specific habitat conditions revealed by multivariate analyses of variance and a principal component analysis. The most numerous and diverse group (six species, 15 life stages) was associated with deep depositional habitats with sandy substrate. Two species covering three life stages were primarily oriented to erosional habitat marked by fast current velocity with pebble and cobble substrate. A third group of three species of adults and juveniles were intermediate in habitat use.
• 4. River conservation for fish faunas should maintain both erosional and depositional channel habitats with depths, substrates, and current velocity inclusive of the ranges reported. The erosional and depositional nature of the key habitats requires that rivers be maintained with flows capable of channel‐forming functions.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The importance of riparian subtropical lucidophyllous forest to odonate conservation

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中小河道非法采砂的成因、危害及治理对策--基于桐城市大沙河的实证研究

近年来,对于长江、淮河等重要干支流河道非法采砂的治理,取得了一定的成效,但中小河道非法采砂屡禁不止,严重影响着行洪安全及流域生态环境。该文以桐城市大沙河为例,分析了中小河道非法采砂的成因及危害,并初步探究了治理对策。     

Woody species composition,diversity and structure of riparian forests of four watercourses types in Burkina Faso

Riparian forests are classified as endangered ecosystems in general,particularly in sahelian countries like Burkina Faso because of human-induced alterations and civil engineering works.The modification of this important habitat is continuing,with little attention being paid to the ecological or human consequences of these changes.The objective of this study is to describe the variation of woody species diversity and dynamic in riparian forests on different type of watercourse banks along phytogeographical gradient in Burkina Faso.All woody species were systematically measured in 90 sample plots with sides of 50 m × 20 m.Density,dominance,frequency and species and family importance values were computed to characterize the species composition.Different diver-sity indices were calculated to examine the heterogeneity of riparian forests.A total of 196 species representing 139 genera and 51 families were recorded in the overall riparian forests.The species richness of individuals with dbh ≥ 5cm increased significantly from the North to the South along the phytogeographical gradient and varied significantly between the different types of riparian forests.Similarity in tree species composition between riparian forests was low,which indicates high beta diversity and reflects differences in habitat conditions and topography.The structural characteristics varied significantly along the phyto-geographical gradient and between the different types of riparian forests.The diameter class distribution of trees in all riparian forests showed a reverse "J" shaped curve except riparian forest of stream indicating vegetation dominated by juvenile individuals.Considering the ecological importance of riparian forest,there is a need to delineate and classify them along watercourses throughout the country.     

三江源区不同退化高寒草甸土壤碳分布特征研究

在青海省三江源区选择了甘德县青珍乡高寒草甸典型样区,划分了5种不同退化程度的样地(原生植被UD、轻度退化LD、中度退化MD、重度退化HD、极度退化ED),10 cm等深度采集表土(0~30 cm)土壤样品,分析土壤总碳、有机碳和无机碳含量变化。结果表明,研究区内高寒草甸土壤的表土总碳和有机碳含量出现极大的变异性,随退化程度的加剧而呈显著下降,有机碳含量的下降幅度更大。与原生植被相比,轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化和极度退化样地0-30 cm土壤总碳含量分别平均降低了7.4%、12.2%、16.1%和17.7%,土壤有机碳含量分别平均降低了21.7%、39.7%、67.4%和79.6%,随土层的加深和退化程度的加剧,无机碳的含量在迅速地增加。总的来看,表层土壤碳含量在生态系统退化情况下的变化最剧烈。随退化程度的加剧,高寒草甸土壤有机碳含量下降迅速,占总碳含量的比例由87.2%减少到11.6%,有机碳损失严重。     

新疆精河气温、降水与径流量近51 a变化分析

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滇池主要入湖河道口旱季/雨季水体氮磷污染物变化研究*

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连续筑坝河流水气界面温室气体排放通量及其影响因素 —以青海省湟水支流火烧沟为例

河流筑坝后水体环境发生巨大改变,水体温室气体排放通量和排放模式随之发生变化。为了探究筑坝后河流水气界面温室气体排放情况,选取青海湟水支流火烧沟为研究区域,采用静态箱-气相色谱实验法,对4个连续筑坝断面水气界面的3种温室气体二氧化碳(CO_2)、甲烷(CH_4)、一氧化二氮(N_2O)夏季排放通量进行监测,研究河流筑坝前后的温室气体排放通量规律及其影响因素。结果显示:(1)筑坝对河流碳、氮等有机质形成滞留效应,筑坝区温室气体排放通量显著高于未筑坝区,二者排放通量平均相差4.12倍。(2)时间尺度上,CO_2排放的最高值主要分布于8月;而CH_4排放的高峰值多分布于6月;N_2O排放高峰值多分布于7月。(3)空间分布上,CO_2排放通量无明显的规律,排放低值-1 554.19 mg/(m~2·h)和高值778.84 mg/(m~2·h)均出现在筑坝区;CH_4和N_2O排放低值均出现在未筑坝区,分别为360μg/(m~2·h)和34.72μg/(m~2·h),而高值均出现在筑坝区,分别为6 163.4μg/(m~2·h)和746.7μg/(m~2·h)。(4)不同筑坝段水体温室气体排放通量的影响因素不同,相关分析表明,火烧沟水体CO_2排放通量与电导率(Cond)(r=-0.914,P0.05)、pH(r=-0.907,P0.05)、总溶解固体(TDS)(r=-0.914,P0.05)、盐度(Sal)(r=-0.926,P0.05)以及气温(T)(r=-0.978,P0.01)呈显著负相关;CH_4排放通量与氧化还原电位(ORP)(r=-0.968,P0.01)、pH(r=0.979,P0.01)呈显著相关;N_2O排放通量与电导率(Cond)(r=0.903,P0.05)、总溶解固体(TDS)(r=0.904,P0.05)、气温(T)(r=0.970,P0.05)以及氧化还原电位(ORP)(r=0.929,P0.05)呈显著正相关。     

三江源地区禾本科牧草丸粒化种子种植比较研究

采用禾本科丸粒化种子与禾本科非丸粒化种子、不同种植方式、不同牧草种子的3因素随机区组设计,分别种植于三江源地区阴坡地和阳坡地,测定当年各处理的出苗数、叶片数、叶片长、根长和最大根长。结果表明,丸粒化种子和未丸粒化种子的披碱草在三江源地区的黑土滩当年出苗多、生长快;同德老芒麦在三江源地区的黑土滩的阳坡地当年出苗多、生长快;青海中华羊茅、青海冷地早熟禾当年出苗少、生长慢。在三江源阴坡地丸粒种子与非丸粒化种子的单位面积出苗数差异不显著,但丸粒种子的单株叶片数、最大叶长、根数、最大根长明显高于非丸粒化种子;在阳坡地丸粒种子的单位面积出苗数、单株叶片数明显高于未丸粒化种子。不管阴坡还是阳坡地,丸粒化牧草种子直播出苗数明显高于翻地开沟、播种、镇压的种植方式和耙地开沟种植方式。在三江源地区阳坡地的出苗与长势均好于阴坡地．