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41.
有机污泥干燥特性与干燥模型研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为了有效处理含水率较高且体积庞大的有机污泥,实现与低温热解工艺相结合,进一步完善污泥处理与利用知识体系,研究了干燥温度与升温速率对污泥干燥过程中的质量、失重率、含水率、热量的影响。同时研究了不同温度下污泥的干燥速率和含水率的变化规律,并建立了污泥干燥的数学模型。实验结果表明:从不同干燥特性曲线可以看出,污泥的干燥特性符合理论的3个阶段,预热时间极短,恒速阶段持续时间也不长,最后的减速阶段时间最长。干燥终温为240℃时污泥干化时间最短,速率最快。二次模型的预测值与实测值决定系数为0.992 4,均方根误差和残差平方和分别为0.035和0.032,与其他数学模型相比,二次模型对污泥干燥过程的拟合优度最高。 相似文献
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Background, Aim and Scope
Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter
Part 2: Investigation of Polycyclic Musks in Soils and Plants
- Preamble. In Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludges.
For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence,
Part 2 examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil and their uptake by plants.
Background, Aim and Scope Polycyclic Musks (PCMs) enter the environment via the waste water system. Because of their persistence, they can accumulate
in different matrices like sewage sludge or biota. By the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer, PCMs are transferred to agricultural
soils. Therefore, in Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludge.
For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence,
Part 2 of the study examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil, and their uptake by plants.
Materials and Methods:
In the screening study, samples of activated sewage sludge were taken both in summer and in winter at 21 treatment plants.
In order to get an overview of the contamination situation, sampling covered different types of treatment plants (in rural,
urban, industrial areas). Analytical methods for the determination of HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, ATTN, AHDI and ATII in the sludge
samples were developed and applied.
Results:
The analytical screening of PCMs showed their presence in activated and dried sewage sludge samples. HHCB and AHTN represented
about 95% of the PCMs investigated. Their concentrations in the activated sludge samples varied between 2.9 and 10.4 mg/kg
dry mass (dm) and 1.1 to 4.2 mg/kg dm, respectively. Although different types of sewage treatment plants were investigated,
similar PCM levels were found, showing the widespread input of these compounds into domestic waste water.
Discussion:
PCM concentrations in activated sludge varied widely. The variation drops substantially when concentrations are related to
the varying dry mass. In dehydrated sludge, PCM concentrations were up to 24 mg/kg dm for HHCB and up to 6.9 mg/kg dm for
AHTN. These high values are comparable to those obtained in other investigations analysing PCMs. If the degradation of organic
mass during anaerobic decomposition is included in the evaluation, the figures obtained are comparable to those for activated
sludge. Elimination in sewage sludge was higher in summer than in winter. Therefore, the contamination of the sludges in winter
reached higher levels compared to the summer.
Conclusions:
The results show that PCMs are widespread contaminants in sewage sludge.
Recommendations and Perspectives:
PCM should be considered in a risk assessment as potential contaminants of sewage sludge destined for agricultural use.
Due to the high PCM levels in sewage sludge, further investigations into the degradation and elimination behaviour in sewage
sludge have to be carried out, including that involving PCM metabolites such as lactone derivatives. 相似文献
47.
长江三角洲地区污泥中多环芳烃的污染研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
To ascertain the contaminated conditions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sludge and to evaluate the risk of application of this sludge for agricultural purposes, 44 sludge samples obtained from 15 cities in the Yangtze River Delta area of China were investigated using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after ultrasonic extraction and silica gel cleanup. PAHs' contents ranged from 0.0167 to 15.4860 mg kg^-1 (dry weight, DW) and averaged 1.376 mg kg^-1, with most samples containing 〈 1.5 mg kg^-1. Pyrene (PY), fluoranthene (FL), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IND), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP) were the most dominant compounds, ranging from 0.1582 to 0.2518 mg kg^-1. Single PAH, such as naphthalene (NAP, 2-benzene rings), phenanthrene (PA, 3-benzene rings), PY (4-benzene rings), and FL (3-benzene rings), had high detection rates (76.1%-93.5%). The distribution patterns of PAHs were found to vary with the sludge samples; however, the patterns showed that a few compounds with 2- and 3-benzene rings were commonly found in the samples, whereas those with 4-, 5-, and 6-benzene rings were usually less commonly found. All the 44 sludge samples were within the B[a]P concentration limit for sludge applied to agricultural land in China (〈 3.0 rag kg^-1). The probable sources of PAH contamination in the sludge samples were petroleum, petroleum products, and combustion of liquid and solid fuel. The concentrations and distributions of the 16 PAHs in sludge were related to sludge type, source, and treatment technology, together with the physicochemical properties. 相似文献
48.
P. Jiménez O. Ortiz D. Tarrasón M. Ginovart M. Bonmatí 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(2):393-398
This work has evaluated the effects of thermally dried (TDS) or composted (CDS) dewatered sewage sludge on β-glucosidase activity,
total (TCH) and extractable (ECH) carbohydrate content, microbial biomass carbon and basal respiration of soils from limestone
quarries under laboratory conditions. Two doses (low and high) of the dewatered sludge (DS) or of the respective TDS or CDS
were applied to a clayey and a sandy soil, both coming from working quarries. The soil mixtures and the controls (soils with
no added sludge) were incubated for 9 months at 25°C and 30% of field capacity. The addition of sludge increased all the studied
soil parameters, and the increase depended on the amount of sludge. Except in the case of TCH and ECH, the enhancing effect
decreased with time, but at the end of incubation, parameters of the treated soils were higher than those of the control.
The rank order of the initial stimulating effect was soil–TDS ≥ soil–DS ≥ soil–CDS, and probably, this order depended on the
proportion of stable organic matter, which was the lowest in the TDS. Values of metabolic quotient (qCO2) were higher at the lower dose, and they did not change during incubation in the CDS-treated soils. Both TCH and ECH were
the parameters with the greatest significant sludge and dose effects. Basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon and β-glucosidase
activity were the best measured parameters in distinguishing the long-term effects of the three sludge types over the soils. 相似文献
49.
重庆市城市污泥中的重金属及其农用环境容量 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
城市污泥农用的环境风险取决于城市污泥中的污染物含量及土壤理化性质。该文分析了重庆市10个城市污水处理厂污泥中的Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd含量及形态,根据土壤环境容量及氮肥施用量计算了重庆主要旱地土壤的最大施用量和年施用量。结果表明,重庆市城市污泥中的Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd含量分别为362.12~725.32mg/kg,69.84~170.22mg/kg,21.25~107.24mg/kg和1.26~4.25mg/kg。污泥中不稳定态Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd的比例分别为42.89%~44.74%,2.69%~9.45%,0.95%~12.06%和61.05%~79.91%。根据土壤重金属的静态容量,计算出重庆主要旱地土壤紫色土和黄壤城市污泥的一次性最高施用量分别为384.62t/hm2和98.90t/hm2。根据土壤重金属动态容量,以15、20、50为年限,计算出的城市污泥的年施用量,紫色土为66.10,60.91和55.71t/(hm2·a),黄壤为30.32,28.99和27.53t/(hm2·a)。根据作物的需氮量计算城市污泥的年施用量为3.04~6.40t/(hm2·a),该施用量低于根据土壤环境的动态容量计算的施用量,按此用量施用城市污泥更安全。 相似文献
50.
中国荔枝种植面积、产量和产值均居世界首位,单产近年增加快但仍有较大提升潜力。相较于其产业规模,进出口贸易规模很小,且呈现净进口。2019年荔枝产业发展呈现以下特征:种植面积相对稳定,区域减产差异较大;产量因灾大幅下滑,价格水平达历史峰值;荔枝示范园示范效应凸现,抗风险能力显著;荔枝出口同比略减,进口小幅增加;荔枝产业引领乡村振兴,三产融合模式多样化。针对荔枝生产成本持续上升导致比较收益下降、荔枝加工业发展滞后于产业发展需要和冷链流通成本高企阻碍新型流通业态的发展等主要问题,提出相关政策建议。 相似文献