Common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) interaction with fish farms in the Gulf of Ambracia,western Greece

1. Marine aquaculture, and its fast-growing development, has the potential for wider environmental, ecosystem, and biodiversity impacts. This study assesses the impact of fish farming on a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) population within the Gulf of Ambracia (western Greece) between 2007 and 2018. Two different study areas were defined in order to investigate differences on occurrence, abundance, behaviour, and seasonal fluctuations between them: a ‘control area’, in the north-western side of the Gulf; and a ‘fish farm area’, in the south west, where the highest density of fish farm cages is found.
2. A total of 169 daily surveys were dedicated to the control area and 74 days were dedicated to the fish farm area, yielding 104 and 37 sightings, respectively. Both the probability of detecting dolphins (U = 6,763.000, P = 0.002) and the group sizes (U = 578.000, P < 0.001) were smaller around fish farms.
3. Seasonality analyses were restricted to 2007–2008, as this was the period with year-round effort. Results revealed that dolphins were more frequently seen around fish farms in the winter (Kruskal–Wallis test, P = 0.036).
4. From the 40 identified individuals that were re-sighted at least 10 times during the study period, 21 used the fish farm area less than expected according to sampling effort, and 10 of them were never observed in that area (binomial test, P < 0.05).
5. The results revealed an impact of fish farms on the distribution of bottlenose dolphins in the Gulf of Ambracia. This information should be taken into consideration when defining ecosystem-based management measures within the management plan, which is currently in preparation for this Natura 2000 site.

     

针对土壤重金属污染评价的模糊数学模型的改进及应用

土壤重金属污染评价是土壤重金属污染研究的重要课题。本文改进了针对土壤重金属污染评价的模糊数学模型和评价因子权重的计算方法,提出了基于污染物浓度和毒性的双权重因子的模糊综合评价法。该法慎重考虑了各级标准界限的模糊性,较好继承了模糊数学方法用于土壤重金属评价的优点。它从定性和定量两方面,比较客观地反映污染因子对土壤环境质量的影响。采用双权重系数法确定各指标的权重,综合考虑评价因子的浓度和毒性,不但在大多数情形下与对比的其它方法结果相一致,而且可以克服其它几种方法出现的误判,提高了评价结果的分辨性,使评价结果更全面、更能真实地反映土壤重金属污染实际状况。     

甘薯原料气升式生物反应器发酵生产单细胞蛋白

以甘薯为原料,采用少孢根霉ＡＳ３．４３９２与树状假丝酵母混合发酵工艺,在无筛板、带一块和带二块筛板的气升式生物反应器中发酵４８ｈ后的干基粗蛋白的含量分别为４６．４％、４７．１％、４７．７％。试验结果表明,气升式生物反应器的发酵结果优于机械搅拌式生物反应器,而带筛板的气升式生物反应器又优于不带筛板的气升式生物反应器。在氧传递性能考察中,发现气升式生物反应器内加装筛板可以有效地强化氧传递     

基于工作流的农业污染模型构建方法与应用

【目的】 农业面源和土壤重金属污染严重威胁了我国农业绿色可持续发展,开发服务于污染监管业务的污染管理决策系统,建立基于工作流的农业污染管理决策模型,有利于为加强土壤污染防治和开展土壤修复工作提供科学的指导和决策。【方法】 文章以工作流技术和污染评价模型组织方法为切入点,将农业污染模型的构建和工作流流程执行分开设计,使得工作流流程设计更加易于理解和分析,同时可以降低了农业污染评价模型和运行环境之间的依赖,使其可以适用于不同粒度和层次的农业面源和重金属污染管理。 【结果/结论】 通过工作流技术建立不同决策场景下农业污染的模型构建、重组、复用和调配的工作流框架,使得农业污染评价模型在计算机环境下自动化运行、控制、管理,最终实现一种灵活的范式组织和使用模型。基于工作流的农业污染模型构建可以保护和合理利用土地资源、规范并简化决策管理过程中的数据分析过程,并且提高数据利用效率。     

Near-infrared spectroscopy for analysis of chemical and microbiological properties of forest soil organic horizons in a heavy-metal-polluted area

In industrial areas, heavy metals may accumulate in forest soil organic horizons, affecting soil microorganisms and causing changes in the chemical composition of the accumulated organic matter. The objectives of this study were to test the ability of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to detect heavy metal effects on the chemical composition of forest soil O horizons and to test whether NIRS may be used to quantitatively determine total and exchangeable concentrations of Zn and Pb (Zn_t, Pb_t, Zn_ex, Pb_ex) and other chemical and microbial properties in forest soil O horizons polluted with heavy metals. The samples of O horizons (n = 79) were analyzed for organic C (C_org), total N and S (N_t, S_t), Zn_t, Pb_t, Zn_ex, Pb_ex, basal respiration (BR), microbial biomass (C_mic) and C_mic-to-C_org ratio. Spectra of the samples were recorded in the Vis-NIR range (400–2,500 nm). To detect heavy-metal-induced changes in the chemical composition of O horizons principal components (PC1–PC7) based on the spectral data were regressed against Zn_t + Pb_t values. A modified partial least squares method was used to develop calibration models for prediction of various chemical and microbial properties of the samples from their spectra. Regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between PC3 and PC5 (r = −0.27 and −0.34, respectively) and Zn_t + Pb_t values, indicating an effect of heavy metal pollution on the spectral properties of the O horizons and thus on their chemical composition. For quantitative estimations, the best calibration model was obtained for C_org-to-N_t ratio (r = 0.98). The models for C_org, N_t, and microbial properties were satisfactory but less accurate. NIRS failed to accurately predict S_t, C_org-to-S_t, Zn_t, Pb_t, Zn_ex, and Pb_ex.     

黄淮冬麦区晚霜冻易发时段冠层内最低气温分布及估算

利用2016年和2017年3月中旬?4月下旬两次典型低温过程中,冬小麦田间不同高度逐小时气象观测数据,分析晚霜冻易发时段冬小麦冠层内最低气温出现高度及其变化规律,构建基于150cm高度处气象因子和地表0cm温度的冠层内最低气温估算模型。结果表明：（1）与150cm高度相比,两次典型低温过程中0℃以下气温在冠层高度附近出现时间更早,持续时间更长且温度更低;（2）最低气温总是出现在4/5冠层高度附近,并在2：00?6：00时段,尤以5：00左右发生频率最高;（3）冠层内最低气温与150cm高度处相对湿度、风速的相关性通过了0.01水平的显著性检验,与不同高度气温、不同土壤深度地温的相关性也通过了0.001水平的显著性检验,与地温的相关性随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低;（4）冠层内最低气温与150cm高度处气温、风速、相对湿度,以及0cm地温的偏相关系数大小排序表现为,气温＞风速＞地温＞相对湿度;利用以上因子构建基于多元线性回归函数的冠层内最低气温估测模型,其估测值与实测值拟合结果的决定系数达到0.967,均方根误差为0.915。说明基于气象台站常规观测数据构建冠层内最低气温估测模型具备一定可行性,可为冬小麦晚霜冻害的监测预报提供数据支持。     

我国沿岸海域环境污染对渔业可持续发展的影响及对策探讨

阐述了我国沿岩海域主要污染物的种类，污染物质的迁移、转化引起的水域环境污染及污染现状等，讨论了环境污染对渔业生产的影响，从管理、防治、保护等方面提出了对策，以实现渔业的可持续发展目标。     

两种土壤导气率测算模型的对比分析

土壤导气率是重要、易测量的土壤参数,其价值在于可以预测田间饱和导水率,反映土壤孔隙和土壤结构特征。国内外学者提出不同土壤导气率测算模型。本文通过对比瞬态法和稳态法两种土壤导气率测算模型,分析两模型在测量效率、经济性等方面优缺点,以及测量结果的相对误差变化幅度。瞬态法相对稳态法,无须测量通过土样的气体数量,测量时间短,且只需少量体积的气体通过土样,对土样结构破坏小;而稳态法测量技术较成熟,计算方便。室内对60组土样测算结果表明,瞬态法与稳态法测量结果之间具有极显著的相关性,可用线性函数关系式y=0.979 1 x表示;以稳态法为标准,两种方法测量结果相对误差变化幅度在0.5%~45%之间,80%以上测量结果相对误差变化幅度<15%,仅有少数变化幅度>20%;同时,试验结果也验证了稳态试验中气体传导速率Q与测量仪内封闭气体压强值△P存在显著的线性关系,及Kirkham提出的在瞬态模型中被测土样密封端压力动态变化与时间t之间存在线性关系。     

Analysis on the effect of runoff retention and pollution load control for two vegetation roofs during rainfall events

In order to understand the effect of runoff retention and pollution load control for vegetation roofs during rainfall events, the evaluation criterion of vegetation roof performance is redefined and two vegetation roofs are established artificially based on the code for the design of roof greening, which is investigated during rainfall events. Results show that ophiopogon japonicus roof can delay the production of runoff by 25〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗48 min compared to the rain occurring and retention runoff volume by 40%〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗58%, while sambucus dhinensis roof can make the generation of runoff 60〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗130 min later than the rain beginning and runoff volume retention can be as high as 54%〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗80%. In addition to PO 3-4 P, the reduction of pollution load of NO -2 N, NH3 N, TP, COD, TN and NO -3 N by both vegetation roofs can reach 95.1%〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗98.6%, 87.2%〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗93%, 72.4%〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗83%, 76%〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗81.8%, 68.7%〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗78.4% and 40.9%〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗60.6% respectively. The level of pH, COD, NH3 N and TP in vegetation roofs runoff can meet class Ⅲ surface water standard. Meanwhile, both vegetation roofs have similar effect in neutralization acid deposition (i.e., from 5.8〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗6.0 (in rain water) to 7.0〖XC半字线.tif,JZ〗7.6 (in eco roof runoff water)). Plants grown on vegetation roofs can influence the performance of vegetation roofs. Based on the results, ophiopogon japonicus has an advantage of sambucus chinensis in controlling phosphorus pollution, while sambucus chinensis manifests better in reducing nitrogen load. Vegetation roofs are becoming an important urban landscape more and more, and study results in this paper provide references for the improvement of vegetation roofs construction and more reasonable evaluation of their running performance.     

污水灌溉对土壤的污染及其整治

通过对太行山前污水灌溉区土壤较高密度的采样和分析，揭示了该污灌区土壤中的某些重金属的含量及其分布特征，分析了污水灌溉的利弊，在此基础上提出了土壤污染的防治对策。