Chromosomal localization of five mutant genes in rice, Oryza sativa, using primary trisomics

The chromosomal locations of five mutant genes in rice were determined by crossing the marker stocks with the 12 primary trisomics. Genetic segregation of each gene was studied in the F₂ or backcross populations. Out of the 60 possible cross combinations, 43 F₂ or BC₁ populations were studied. Segregation data indicated that spl11 was located on chromosome 12 while wp2 and eg2_(t) were located on chromosome 6. The genes v12_(t) and Bc₆ were located on chromosomes 8 and 9, respectively, which are sparsely populated with genetic markers.     

水稻‘日本晴’T-DNA突变体材料纹枯病抗性资源的筛选

从‘日本晴’水稻T-DNA突变体库中挑选出的2 576个株系,首先利用撒施法进行了水稻纹枯病抗性鉴定,发现多数为高感材料,抗病及中抗株系共有36个,中感株系有180个。再利用牙签嵌入法对初筛选出的发病中感以下的216个株系进行进一步抗性鉴定,发现18个株系抗性表现较好;并在温室中利用微室法对这18个株系进行了进一步抗性鉴定,结果表明株系间抗性差异不显著,但其中14个株系抗性与野生亲本‘日本晴’差异显著(P<0.01)。     

2个低直链淀粉含量籼稻突变体的遗传分析

对2个空间诱变低直链淀粉含量籼稻突变体XLA-1和XLA-2进行了遗传分析和分子生物学研究.结果表明:XLA-1低直链淀粉遗传特性受2对隐性基因控制,这2对基因具有连锁关系和互补作用,任何1对基因隐性纯合都将导致直链淀粉含量降低;XLA-2低直链淀粉遗传特性受1对隐性主效基因控制,该基因可能为Wx的等位基因,同时受微效基因的修饰.XLA-1和XLA-2蜡质基因(CT)n微卫星多态性与糯稻相同,但其直链淀粉质量分数分别为14.42%和11.59%,说明除Wx基因外确实还有其他影响直链淀粉含量的遗传因素,这与遗传分析结果相符.     

大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素作为黏膜免疫佐剂的研究进展

免疫佐剂是一类通过刺激机体免疫系统而非特异性地增强机体对抗原免疫应答的活性物质,也是近年来研究的热点.免疫佐剂种类众多,利用细菌及其代谢产物作为黏膜免疫佐剂具有很好的发展前景,研究较多的是霍乱毒素(CT)和大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素(LT),从研究效果看,LT比CT更为理想.但是LT和CT一样本身具有毒性,这是其作为黏膜佐剂的主要缺点.目前,国内外研究工作者对其突变体做了大量研究,以期找到具有黏膜佐剂活性但低毒或无毒的大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素突变体.文章对大肠埃希菌不耐热肠毒素分子及其突变体的研究做一综述.     

黄瓜霜霉病菌对双炔酰菌胺的敏感基线及其抗性突变体生物学性状研究

为建立黄瓜霜霉病菌对双炔酰菌胺的敏感基线及评估其抗性风险,采用叶盘漂浮法测定了采自河北、山东未使用过羧酸酰胺类(CAAs)药剂地区的69株黄瓜霜霉病菌(Pseudoperonospora cubensis)对双炔酰菌胺的敏感性,并对黄瓜霜霉病菌抗双炔酰菌胺突变体的获得方法及突变体的生物学性状进行了研究。结果表明:69株黄瓜霜霉病菌对双炔酰菌胺的平均EC50值为(0.358±0.144)μg/mL,不同敏感性菌株的频率呈连续单峰曲线分布,未发现敏感性下降的亚群体,因此可将其作为黄瓜霜霉病菌对双炔酰菌胺的敏感基线;通过药剂驯化的方法未获得黄瓜霜霉病菌抗双炔酰菌胺的突变体;而通过紫外诱导的方法获得了6个抗双炔酰菌胺的突变体,其抗性水平介于5.74~22.96倍之间,突变频率为1.09×10-7,适合度显著低于其亲本菌株,且抗药性不能稳定遗传;双炔酰菌胺与甲霜灵、嘧菌酯、霜脲氰、氟吡菌胺之间无交互抗性关系,与烯酰吗啉之间有交互抗性关系。据此推测黄瓜霜霉病菌对双炔酰菌胺的抗性风险为低到中等。     

玉蜀黍赤霉有性重组体的诱导及其生物学特性

 本研究以硝酸盐营养缺陷型突变体(nit)和多菌灵抗性为遗传标记,在5个所选菌株中设计了3个玉蜀黍赤霉病菌Gibberella zeae的杂交组合,使各菌株之间进行杂交,从而诱导有性重组体。从各杂交组合的后代中任意挑选出3个有性重组体,比较了这些有性重组体与其亲本在无性和有性阶段的主要生物学性状。结果表明,玉蜀黍赤霉中的nit基因及对杀菌剂多菌灵的抗药性基因可以通过有性杂交的方式重组,即发生了有性重组。有性重组体与其亲本在菌落生长、培养性状和致病性方面没有显著差异;但某些有性重组体中,产孢量和产子囊壳能力方面存在一定差异。总体看来,有性重组体仍然保持了较高的适合度。因此,可以认为有性重组在玉蜀黍赤霉群体对多菌灵抗药性发生发展以及群体遗传进化中可能起着重要的作用。     

Analysis of the gacS-gacA regulatory genes of spontaneous mutants of Pseudomonas fluorescens biocontrol strain PfG32R

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain PfG32R, a potential biocontrol agent against soilborne pathogens, frequently loses its antifungal activity and ability to produce enzymes. To characterize genetically the instability of these bacterial functions, we analyzed gacS and gacA genes of PfG32R and three spontaneous mutants of PfG32R (NR1, NR9, and ASW6), which had lost their ability to produce proteases and antifungal activities. The gacS and gacA sequences of PfG32R had 77%–89% and 78%–87% homology, respectively, with several known gacS and gacA homologues. All three spontaneous mutants were subjected to complementation analysis. Introduction of clones containing an intact gacS of PfG32R and another P. fluorescens strain Pf-5 as well as strain tea632 of P. syringae pv. theae complemented all three mutants restoring protease and antifungal activities, indicating a mutation in gacS. In sequencing analysis, the mutants had a deletion or change in amino acids in the conserved sensor kinase domains of GacS. The three mutants maintained both their antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum and Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis and siderophore production, indicating that they are not controlled by the GacS/GacA system. The sequences reported in this article have been deposited in the DDBJ database under accession numbers AB219364 and AB219365.     

中国华北地区瓜类尖孢镰刀菌对咪鲜胺的敏感性及抗药突变株生物学性状研究

为明确中国华北地区瓜类尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum Schl.对咪鲜胺的抗药性现状及抗药突变株的生物学性状,采用菌丝生长速率法,分别测定了采自北京、山东、河北等地未使用过咪鲜胺的112株瓜类尖孢镰刀菌对咪鲜胺的敏感性,并通过药剂驯化的方法获得尖孢镰刀菌抗咪鲜胺突变株。结果表明:咪鲜胺对112株瓜类尖孢镰刀菌的平均EC50值为（0.030 1±0.030 4）μg/mL,菌株频率呈连续单峰曲线分布,未发现敏感性明显下降的亚群体,因此,可将该EC50值作为瓜类尖孢镰刀菌对咪鲜胺的敏感基线。药剂驯化共获得7株抗咪鲜胺突变株,其抗性倍数介于6.2~26.8之间;突变株在菌丝生长速率、菌丝干重和致病力等方面均明显低于亲本菌株,差异显著;仅突变株HG13052701-R1的抗药性可以稳定遗传,其他6株抗咪鲜胺突变株的抗药性均不能稳定遗传。室内交互抗性测定结果表明,咪鲜胺仅与戊唑醇之间有交互抗性,与多菌灵和齅霉灵之间均无交互抗性关系。研究表明,瓜类尖孢镰刀菌在药剂选择压下可以形成抗咪鲜胺群体,具有低等抗药性风险。     

Tapetal behaviour, gene action and breeding value in male-sterile peas

Eight non-allelic male-sterile mutants controlled by a single recessive gene were induced in garden pea (Pisum sativum) after EMS, DES and gamma-ray-mutagen treatments singly and in combination. These mutants differ in the time and type of tapetal development due to differential action of male-sterile (ms) genes over the sporogenous and non-sporogenous anther tissue. In the msg1 mutant, the sporogenous tissue breaks down during premeiosis, followed by tapetal degeneration. In msg2, sporogenous tissue and tapetal tissue exhibit anomalies at early and late prophase 1, respectively. Although in msg3 and msg5 the ms gene action over sporogenous tissue initiates during early and late prophase, respectively, the tapetal tissue breaks down during post-meiosis. In msg6, anomalies in the sporogenous tissue appear during prophase II, but the tapetum degenerates during the mononucleate stage. Although both the tapetal and sporogenous tissue anomalies appear simultaneously at pachytene in msg4, the tapetal breakdown is delayed until the microspore stage. In msg7 and msg8, anomalies in both these tissues occur simultaneously during the tetrad and post-meiotic stages, respectively. Despite differences in the timing of tapetal and sporogenous tissue breakdown, tapetal development is normal in msg1, msg5, msg6, msg7 and nisg8 but abnormal in msg2, msg3 and msg4. The ms gene action is dual in msg2, msg3 and msg4 but single in msg1, msg5, msg6, msg7 and msg8. In all these mutants, the time of tapetal anomaly exhibits no correlation with the time of ms gene action. The gene for open flower found in one male-sterile mutant needs to be introduced into fertile peas for commercial hybrid-pea breeding.     

水稻种子萌动期抗低温逆境突变体的筛选

利用粳稻(Oryza sativa L.subsp.japonica)中花11构建的转座子突变体库,进行了水稻种子萌动期抗低温逆境突变体的筛选.以不同年份的种子为材料,在低温下观察种子的发芽率.结果表明,在低温下粳稻突变体(编号T108A5和T237b1)种子的发芽率比对照亲本中花11高出近50%,同一株系不同年份种子的两次发芽率具有相关性,说明这种筛选耐低温突变体的方法是可行的,在分子水平上的进一步检测正在进行中.