替代抗生素饲料添加剂研究进展

抗生素作为主要的饲料添加剂在几十年的广泛应用过程中造成了致病菌耐药性增强、动物免疫力降低、影响动物疫苗的效价、通过食物链影响人体健康等亟待解决的问题。我国农业农村部已发布公告,自2020年起我国饲料全面禁止添加使用抗生素类添加剂,饲料行业正式进入“无抗时代”。长期以来,研究人员积极寻求研发各种抗生素替代品及绿色无害的饲料添加剂,以消除或减轻禁用抗生素带来的一系列影响。就目前主要抗生素替代品的抗菌特点及抗菌机理进行综述,旨在为“禁抗”后抗菌性添加剂在饲料中的应用提供参考。     

现代加工技术与传统机械制造方法的研究与分析

现代特种加工机理以熔化、气化、溶解、剥离为主，多数为非接触加工。在难加工材料、复杂型面、精细表面和模具等加工领域已成为无法替代的加工方法。目前这一技术正向着自动化、柔性化、精密化、集成化、智能化方向发展，现有工艺不断完善，新的特种加工技术不断涌现，应用领域正在进一步拓宽。     

Seroprevalence of chlamydial infection in dairy cattle in Guangzhou, southern China

Chlamydia spp. are obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria that cause a wide range of significant diseases in humans and animals worldwide, resulting in significant economic losses. Chlamydial infection in cattle has been reported in many countries including China. However, there has been no survey of chlamydial infection of dairy cattle in Guangzhou, southern China. The objective of the present investigation was to examine the chlamydial seroprevalence in dairy cattle in Guangzhou, subtropical southern China by using an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). The overall seroprevalence of chlamydial infection in dairy cattle was 7.25% (29/400). Greater than or equal to eight-yr-old dairy cattle had the highest seroprevalence (10.34%), followed by those that were ≥ 6 years old or < 7 years old dairy cattle (10.20%), although there were no statistically significant differences among different groups (P > 0.05). Dairy cattle with 5 pregnancies had the highest seroprevalence (10.81%). These results indicate that chlamydial infection was present in dairy cattle in Guangzhou, subtropical southern China, and integrated strategies and measures should be executed to control and prevent chlamydial infection and disease outbreak in the study region.     

连作晚稻三化螟为害损失与防治指标研究

三化螟幼虫在晚梗稻分蘖、圆秆、孕穗、破口期均能侵入,所形成的为害株数、为害类型和幼虫存活率与生育期有密切关系,为害丛、株增长呈S型曲线。分蘖期、孕穗—破口期引起丛、株为害率和损失率与卵块密度显著相关,每个卵块损失稻谷分别为59.11±2.99g、74.58±3.31g。考种结果表明,产量损失的主要原因是有效穗减少。在现有生产条件下,三化螟经济允许卵块密度为:分蘖期130—150块/666.7m~2,孕穗—破口期100—120块/666.7m~2;防治指标:分蘖期100—110块/666.7m~2,为害团50—60个/666.7m~2,丛为害率2.0％—3.0％,株为害率1.0％—1.5％。     

两种化合物对菜粉蝶幼虫超氧化物歧化酶的影响

室内测试了菜粉蝶 Pieris rapae 4 龄幼虫超氧化物歧化酶的活性，并就 α -三噻吩（ α -terthienyl）和化合物5［1-苯基-4-（3，4-亚甲基 二氧）苯基-丁二炔］两种化合物对其产生的影响进行了比较研究。结果表明，近紫外光照 （300～400 nm）可增强对幼虫超氧化物歧化酶活体活力( in vivo )和离体活力( in vitro )。经光敏化合物处理后，在紫外光照下，超氧化物歧化酶活体活力基本不受化合物 5的影响，但能被 α -三噻吩抑制；离体情况下，无论光照与否，化 合物5均不影响其活力， α -三噻吩在低剂量下有抑制作用，而在高剂量下则可使其活力 增强，显示了不同的剂量反应关系。表明无论在离体还是活体的情况下，幼虫对 α -三噻吩的光敏性优于化合物5。对两种化合物光敏作用的可能机理进行 了探讨。     

柑桔园矢尖蚧化学防治策略

1995～1998年对柑桔的矢尖阶重发园、一般发生园和始发园等不同为害程度的柑桔园的化学防治技术进行了比较详细的研究。建议重发园防治矢尖阶实行春季越冬代 第1代防治法，一般发生园实行第1代1次防治法，始发园实行根治法。一般发生园的防治指标是越冬代雌成虫基数超过冬季1头/梢或春季0.5头/梢，低于该指标的轻发园天敌就能自然控制矢尖蚧。春季越冬代宜用松脂合剂8～10倍防治，第1代1龄若虫峰末期宜用40%速扑杀EC或40%氧乐果EC1500倍 95%机油乳剂100倍或25%扑虱灵WP1500倍防治。     

大豆主要食叶害虫为害当量系统与复合防治指标的研究

豆天蛾(Clanis bilineata Walker)、银纹夜蛾(Plusia agnata Standinger)、棉铃虫(He-liothis armigera Hubner)和豆灰蝶(Plebejus argus L.)对黄淮流域大豆生产影响较大,防治指标亟待改进。人工模拟剪叶建立了叶损失率与产量损失的函数方程。逐种测定日食量,求取了每种幼虫不同阶段的校正等量系数,建立了为害当量系统。在考虑多维因素的基础上,建立了大豆不同生育期的复合防治指标。田间调查表明,应用该指标能较好解决4种害虫在田间混合发生,虫龄参差不齐,难以确定防治指标的困难,具有较高实用性。     

Prevalence of bovine herpesvirus-4 infection in cats in Central Michigan

The gammaherpesvirus bovine herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4) has been isolated from a wide variety of animals, including lions and domestic cats. Although BHV-4 antibodies have been detected in normal cats and cats with urinary disorders, the epidemiology and pathogenic role of BHV-4 in cats is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of BHV-4 antibodies and viral nucleic acid in a population of free-roaming cats. Plasma and peripheral blood leukocyte samples were collected from 52 male and 52 female free-roaming cats impounded at a regional animal control facility in Central Michigan. Plasma concentrations of BHV-4 antibodies were measured with an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Peripheral blood leukocyte DNA was isolated, and a 2-stage polymerase chain reaction with heminested primers delineating a conserved portion of the BHV-4 glycoprotein B gene homologue was used to amplify BHV-4-specific DNA sequences. BHV-4 antibodies were detected in 38 (73%) male and 23 (44%) female cats. Seropositive cats were significantly more likely to be male than female (odds ratio = 3.22; P = .007). Cell-associated viremia was detected in 17 (33%) male and 11 (21%) female cats. Of the 61 seropositive cats, 23 (38%) had a detectable viremia; only 5 (12%) seronegative cats had detectable viremia. Seropositive cats were significantly more likely to be viremic than seronegative cats (OR = 4.30: P = .009). Our results suggest that BHV-4 infection may be more widespread in certain cat populations than previously reported. Furthermore, many cats seropositive for BHV-4 antibodies have a concurrent cell-associated viremia.     

绞股蓝的化学成分与药理作用研究进展

绞股蓝为葫芦科绞股蓝属植物,其主要药效成分为绞股蓝皂甙,具有广泛的药理作用,可以降低血脂、提高免疫力、抑制肿瘤、防止衰老、保护心脏和肝脏、降低血糖、镇静止痛及抗溃疡等.绞股蓝已被开发为产品大量用于药品、食品、饮料、保健茶和化妆品.文章介绍了近几年绞股蓝的研究情况,包括其主要成分、药理作用、应用现状以及开发前景,并对当前研究中存在的问题进行了探讨.     

Toxicity and biochemical action of amicarthiazol on citrus canker pathogen, Xanthomonas citri ex Hasse

Inhibitory effects of amicarthiazol, in vitro, against the growth of seven plant bacterial pathogens and its biochemical actions on Xanthomonas citri were investigated. The growth of Erwinia carotovora, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Pseudomonas syringe pv. syringae was not sensitive to amicarthiazol whilst Xanthomonads were all strongly inhibited in NB liquid medium; EC₅₀ of X. citri was 2.63 μg ml⁻¹ and the effectiveness of amicarthiazol depended on the timing of application. The inhibitions on the secretion of gross EPS and gross EPR as well as the activities of amylase, cellulase, and pectase of X. citri were increased with the concentrations of amicarthiazol, whereas the conductivities of the extracellular product suspensions and the protease activity were somewhat accelerated by the concentration less than 10 or 20 μg ml⁻¹ and inhibited only at higher concentration. EPS which was purified from X. citri showed obvious antagonistic effects on the inhibition of amicarthiazol, but not on the inhibition of Cu(OH)₂. The endogenous respirations and the activity of succinic dehydrogenase of X. citri were also inhibited and the inhibitions were increased with the toxic concentrations. Furthermore, the potential induced physiological adaptability of X. citri to amicarthiazol and the comparison with Cu(OH)₂ and carboxin were also discussed.