Approaches to Configuration Determinations of Flexible Marine Natural Products: Advances and Prospects

Flexible marine natural products (MNPs), such as eribulin and bryostatin, play an important role in the development of modern marine drugs. However, due to the multiple chiral centers and geometrical uncertainty of flexible systems, configuration determinations of flexible MNPs face great challenges, which, in turn, have led to obstacles in druggability research. To resolve this issue, the comprehensive use of multiple methods is necessary. Additionally, configuration assignment methods, such as X-ray single-crystal diffraction (crystalline derivatives, crystallization chaperones, and crystalline sponges), NMR-based methods (JBCA and Mosher’s method), circular dichroism-based methods (ECCD and ICD), quantum computational chemistry-based methods (NMR calculations, ECD calculations, and VCD calculations), and chemical transformation-based methods should be summarized. This paper reviews the basic principles, characteristics, and applicability of the methods mentioned above as well as application examples to broaden the research and applications of these methods and to provide a reference for the configuration determinations of flexible MNPs.     

橘色海菊蛤人工繁育技术研究

本研究以野生橘色海菊蛤(Spondylus aurantius)为材料,观察了橘色海菊蛤的亲体催熟、胚胎及稚贝的发育过程,比较了不同温度条件下胚胎发育速度及不同材质和采苗深度对海菊蛤附着效果的影响。结果显示,野生橘色海菊蛤在养殖池经自然催熟后性腺饱满,发育成熟;采用“晾干+流水+高温”刺激获得了橘色海菊蛤优质精卵,并成功完成了受精;受精卵通过不均等卵裂,依次发育为多细胞卵裂期、囊胚、担轮幼虫、D形幼虫、壳顶幼虫、匍匐幼虫和稚贝,累计耗时25～27 d。受精卵在温度为28℃和32℃时均可发育至稚贝,且在水温为32℃时,胚胎各个阶段发育速度均快于28℃。室内不同水层采苗结果显示,底层采苗器附着密度要显著高于上层(P<0.05);不同附着基材质附着密度结果显示,室内采苗阶段黑蝶贝壳附着效果最好,而后依次为海菊蛤壳>牡蛎壳>混凝土饼>黑色遮阳网>绿色聚乙烯网片。在自然海区养殖30d后,海菊蛤壳和牡蛎壳附着及生长效果最优。本研究首次成功开展了橘色海菊蛤人工繁育,获得了其胚胎和稚贝发育规律,研究结果可为该物种在南海人工规模化养殖提供支撑。     

森林生物多样性价值会计核算研究综述

森林生物多样性价值会计核算是森林生物多样性保护与可持续利用的一项重要基础性工作.文中总结了国内外森林生物多样性价值会计核算的相关研究情况及存在的问题, 以期为进一步的理论研究及实践提供条件和依据.     

两种兼用型牛BoLA-DRA*exon2多态性及其与乳房炎的关联分析

利用PCR-SSCP技术,分析了牛主要组织相容性复合物DRA基因外显子2的多态性在236头中国西门塔尔牛、三河牛中的基因型分布及其多态性与乳房炎的关系。结果表明:经χ2独立性检验,发现该多态片段6种基因型在感染乳房炎牛和健康牛之间分布不一致(p<0.01)。在感染乳房炎牛中CC基因型频率最高,在健康牛中BC基因型频率最高。据此推测,CC基因型可能与这两种牛的乳房炎易感性有关,而BC基因型可能与这两种牛的乳房炎抗性有关。     

Model uncertainty in the ecosystem approach to fisheries

Fisheries scientists habitually consider uncertainty in parameter values, but often neglect uncertainty about model structure, an issue of increasing importance as ecosystem models are devised to support the move to an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). This paper sets out pragmatic approaches with which to account for uncertainties in model structure and we review current ways of dealing with this issue in fisheries and other disciplines. All involve considering a set of alternative models representing different structural assumptions, but differ in how those models are used. The models can be asked to identify bounds on possible outcomes, find management actions that will perform adequately irrespective of the true model, find management actions that best achieve one or more objectives given weights assigned to each model, or formalize hypotheses for evaluation through experimentation. Data availability is likely to limit the use of approaches that involve weighting alternative models in an ecosystem setting, and the cost of experimentation is likely to limit its use. Practical implementation of an EAF should therefore be based on management approaches that acknowledge the uncertainty inherent in model predictions and are robust to it. Model results must be presented in ways that represent the risks and trade‐offs associated with alternative actions and the degree of uncertainty in predictions. This presentation should not disguise the fact that, in many cases, estimates of model uncertainty may be based on subjective criteria. The problem of model uncertainty is far from unique to fisheries, and a dialogue among fisheries modellers and modellers from other scientific communities will therefore be helpful.     

传统杂交方法在龙岩甘薯系列品种选育中的应用

充分利用保存的甘薯种质资源,根据育种目标注重亲本组合的选配,在传统杂交育种中,采用一代甘薯以薯块产量异常突出者选留,二代开始强调品系比较,高世代高指标结合定留,综合性状好者才推荐参加区试的育种方法和思路,“九五”至今选育出了一批产量高、品质优、抗性好的龙岩甘薯系列新品种。     

西南山地玉米育种新一轮骨干自交系SCML0849的选育与应用

20世纪末,针对西南区21世纪初及可见将来对玉米品种与产业发展的迫切要求,遵循“生态育种”的基本原理,并基于前期“温带种质优良自交系是选育西南玉米强优势杂交种的最重要亲本自交系”的研究结论,定向合成了“REID种质育种用群体”。通过紧密结合常规遗传育种方法与现代分子生物学技术,集成创新了以“配合力早期测定、目标区域与高密度种植鉴定、南北穿梭鉴定选择与钝化光周期反应、区域抗病抗逆特性一票否决”为主要内容的“特定生态区域育种骨干亲本的定向培育”技术体系,提高了优良自交系的选育效率,育成了集高配合力、高抗西南地区玉米病害与多种抗逆性、高产高效等优良性状于一体的玉米优良自交系SCML0849,组配育成了以川单99为代表的一批稳产高产、高抗多抗、资源高效的玉米强优势杂交种并大面积推广应用。     

匈牙利小麦育种

简述了匈牙利小麦生产情况,重点介绍了匈牙利科学院农业研究所的小麦育种机构、育种方法、育种成就以及生物技术在小麦育种中的应用。     

府谷县兽用抗菌药减量化实施经验总结

为深入贯彻落实习近平总书记关于食品药品安全“四个最严”要求,全面提升畜禽绿色健康养殖水平,府谷县以《全国兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动方案（2021—2025年）》为契机,与西北农林科技大学畜禽无抗养殖技术团队合作,签订“府谷县畜禽减抗替抗养殖技术示范推广”项目合作协议,在府谷县全面开展抗生素减量化示范推广,得到了府谷县委县政府和榆林市科技局的大力支持,从饲料端禁抗、养殖端减抗替抗和粪污端无抗三个方面遏制抗菌药的使用,经过2年的技术示范推广,取得了一定的经验和成果。     

“学为中心”视域下动物解剖学教学方法的反思

由于信息技术的快速发展和动物医学专业需求的变化,动物解剖学教学在内容和方法方面发生了重大变化。动物医学专业教育已从被动和以教师为中心向积极、以临床为基础和以学生为中心转变。本文在“学为中心”背景下分析各种教学模式在动物解剖学教学中的作用和有效性。