Temperature and stubble management influence microbial CO2-C evolution and gross N transformation rates

Few studies have examined the kinetics of gross nitrogen (N) mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification rates in soil at temperatures above 15 °C. In this study, ¹⁵N isotopic pool dilution was used to evaluate the influence of retaining standing crop residues after harvest versus burning crop residues on short-term gross N transformation rates at constant temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 °C. Gross N mineralization rates calculated per unit soil organic carbon were between 1 and 7 times lower in stubble burnt treatments than in stubble retained treatments. In addition, significant declines in soil microbial biomass (P=0.05) and CO₂-C evolution (P<0.001) were associated with stubble burning. Immobilization rates were of similar magnitude to gross N mineralization rates in stubble retained and burnt treatments incubated between 5 and 20 °C, but demonstrated significant divergence from gross N mineralization rates at temperatures between 20 and 40 °C. Separation in the mineralization immobilization turnover (MIT) in soil at high temperatures was not due to a lack of available C substrate, as glucose-C was added to one treatment to test this assumption. Nitrification increased linearly with temperature (P<0.001) and dominated over immobilization for available ammonium in soil incubated at 5 °C, and above 20 °C indicating that nitrification is often the principal process controlling consumption in a semi-arid soil. These findings illustrate that the MIT at soil temperatures above 20 °C is not tightly coupled, and consequently that the potential for loss of N (as nitrate) is considerably greater due to increased nitrification.     

海产底栖硅藻的固定化培养研究

本文研究了底栖硅藻双点舟形藻（Ｎａｖｉｃｕｌａｄｉｓｉｐａｔａ）固定在藻酸盐胶珠中的生长情况。研究结果表明，底栖硅藻的固定化培养可以增加藻的生长附着面积，提高藻的生长量。固定化培养后贮存３０－３６０天，藻细胞都能较好地复活生长。因此，固定化培养技术可应用于海产底栖硅藻的扩种生产和保种培养中     

天然矿物复配腐植酸对农田镉的钝化机理研究

采用田间试验研究了改良剂(腐植酸)及由膨润土、硅藻土、氧化镁组配的钝化剂对土壤镉(Cd)的钝化效果及对土壤理化性质的影响,并借助红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电镜联用能谱分析仪(SEM-EDS)和比表面分析仪(BET),分析探讨了钝化改良剂对镉的钝化机理。结果表明：不同钝化改良剂处理初始有效态镉浓度为0.0836 mg/kg的菜地土壤70 d后,镉的钝化效率由高到低依次为：1% 钝化剂 + 0.04% 改良剂>10g/kg钝化剂>5g/kg 钝化剂 + 0.4 g/kg 改良剂>5 g/kg 钝化剂>0.4 g/kg 改良剂,其中10 g/kg 钝化剂 + 0.4 g/kg 改良剂对有效态镉的钝化效率达到60.2%。表征分析显示,钝化剂表面结构疏松,其表面的Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺ 等离子可与Cd²⁺发生离子交换反应,改良剂中含有醌基、醇羟基、羧基、羰基和C=C键,能与Cd²⁺ 发生配位络合作用,化学吸附是复配钝化改良剂降低土壤镉有效性的主要原因。     

水溶性磷酸盐对不同肥力石灰性土壤中铅的稳定研究

在荒地土(S土)和农田土(F土)2个潮土土样中加入500mg.kg-1水溶性铅[Pb(NO3)2]后培养30d,之后按n(P)∶n(Pb)=6∶1加入Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O,培养105d后测定土壤性质。结果表明,土壤中仅加磷及加铅后再加磷时,F土Olsen-P质量分数均显著高于S土(P<0.05);土壤中仅加铅时,S土DTPA-Pb质量分数显著低于F土(P<0.05),但加铅后加磷,S土DTPA-Pb质量分数显著高于F土(P<0.05);土壤中仅加铅或仅加磷时,SrCl2-Ca均增加,而加铅土壤中加磷后,2种土壤SrCl2-Ca质量分数均低于仅加铅或仅加磷土壤。加铅和加磷均导致土壤pH降低,以加铅后加磷处理pH最低。对于F土,加铅和加磷均导致土壤电导率上升,对于S土,仅加铅和加铅后加磷导致土壤电导率上升,而仅加磷时,土壤电导率略有下降。可见,在未加入磷酸盐时,水溶性铅在贫瘠土壤中更易老化;磷酸盐对肥沃土壤中铅老化效果高于贫瘠土壤中的效果,磷酸盐对钙、铅的稳定分别有利于铅和钙有效性的降低。     

有机肥与化肥配合施用土壤微生物量氮动态、来源和供氮特征

【目的】揭示有机氮肥的矿化-固持周转过程机理，为合理施用有机肥和化肥提供科学依据。【方法】运用同位素15N交叉标记示踪技术，通过盆栽试验，研究单施化肥、单施猪粪、猪粪与化肥配施、玉米秸与化肥配施、麦秸与化肥配施等5种施肥方式下，土壤中微生物量氮在玉米各生育时期的数量、来源的动态变化以及对玉米的供氮特征。【结果】各处理在同一生育期微生物量氮差异的原因主要是所施肥料种类的不同。不同处理的土壤微生物量氮在玉米各个生育期数量与来源不同，施入的有机肥对土壤微生物量氮贡献大，化肥对土壤微生物量氮的贡献较小，土壤氮仍是构成微生物量氮的主要来源。作物和土壤微生物对土壤氮素存在竞争关系，在氮素胁迫条件下，竞争作用突出，其竞争强度取决于氮源和能源的供应强度以及土壤氮素转化过程。同一处理的土壤微生物量氮在玉米的各个生育期数量差异很大，当土壤中微生物的碳源（能源）物质与氮源物质充足时微生物对氮素的竞争能力较强，作物的竞争能力较弱，随着土壤氮素转化过程的改变，作物的竞争能力逐渐增强，并显著超过微生物，微生物量氮减少。【结论】有机肥与化肥配合施用比单独施用化肥能降低土壤微生物量氮来自土壤氮的百分比；与单施有机肥相比能提高土壤微生物量氮来自土壤氮的百分比。     

聚电解质刷SiO2-g-PSStNa固定化果胶酶的研究

[目的]研究果胶酶的固定化方法,以期提高固定化酶的活性。[方法]通过表面原子转移自由基聚合(SI-ATRP)的方法,利用SiO2表面引发剂合成了SiO2-grafted PSStNa的纳米复合材料。并分别研究了固定化对果胶酶在水相介质中的pH、温度以及存储稳定性的影响。[结果]SiO2-grafted PSStNa不仅具有核壳结构,而且是表面富集大量负电荷的"聚电解质刷",将果胶酶固定于该"聚电解质刷",实现了方便、温和和省时的果胶酶的固定化。研究发现,自由果胶酶和固定化果胶酶的最佳反应pH为6.0,最佳反应温度为50℃。[结论]该研究结果对固定化酶在工业上的制备及应用有着重要的意义。     

Effects of storage time and straw content of cattle slurry on the mineralization of nitrogen and carbon in soil

 Animal slurries are stored for a variable period of time before application in the field. The effect of cattle slurry storage time and temperature on the subsequent mineralization of C and N in soil was studied under laboratory conditions. Urine and faeces from a dairy cow were sampled separately and mixed to a slurry. After 4 weeks of storage under anaerobic conditions at 15  °C, the NH₄ ⁺ N content exceeded the original urinary N content of the slurry; the NH₄ ⁺ content increased only slightly during the following 16 weeks of storage. After 4 weeks of storage, the proportion of slurry C in volatile fatty acids (VFA) amounted to 10% and increased to 15% after 20 weeks. Straw addition to the slurry caused an increase of VFA-C in stored slurry, but had a negligible influence on the proportion of slurry N in the form of NH₄ ⁺. Slurries subjected to different storage conditions were added to a sandy and a sandy loam soil. After 1 week, the preceding storage period (0–20 weeks) and temperature (5  °C or 15  °C) had no significant effect on the net release of inorganic N from the slurry in soil. Thus, the increased NH₄ ⁺ content in the slurry after storage was followed by increased net N immobilization in soil. Additional straw in the slurry caused increased net N immobilization only in the sandy loam soil. Following anaerobic storage, 8–14% of slurry C was released in gaseous form, and the net mineralization of slurry C after 12 weeks in soil amounted to 54–63%. The extra net mineralization of C in soil due to straw in slurry was equivalent to 76% of straw C, suggesting that the straw accelerated the mineralization of C derived from faeces, urine and/or soil. Received: 25 August 1997     

3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷改性凹凸棒土固定化菠萝蛋白酶工艺研究

[目的]确定利用3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷改性凹凸棒土(3-APTS-凹凸棒土)固定菠萝蛋白酶的最佳工艺条件。[方法]以3-APTS-凹凸棒土为基质,在单因素试验的基础上,研究用固定菠萝蛋白酶的最佳工艺条件。[结果]确定菠萝蛋白酶固定化的条件为:0.4%戊二醛交联,温度38~44℃,pH值6.4,固定化时间4.5 h,最终产品的酶活为3 900 U/g,酶活回收率达80%。[结论]利用3-APTS-凹凸棒土固定的菠萝蛋白酶稳定性和利用率显著提高。     

固定化脂肪酶催化合成生物柴油的研究

研究了固定化脂肪酶（LBK-H100）催化大豆油与甲醇合成生物柴油的反应。考察反应条件如醇油比、反应温度、反应次数对酯化率的影响。结果表明，固定化酶催化大豆油醇解反应最适醇油比为3:1，甲醇分3次加入，可避免酶在甲醇溶液中失活，在反应温度35℃条件下，酯化率可以达到90%以上；固定化酶重复使用15次(连续反应30d)，仍具有一定的催化活性。     

Nitrogen dynamics in co-composted drilling wastes: Effects of compost quality and N fertilization

A better understanding of N availability in co-composted drilling wastes is required to evaluate the potential use of the composts as growth media. We investigated N dynamics in co-composted drilling wastes by examining the changes in the concentrations and partition of applied ¹⁵N in various soil N pools (, , dissolved organic N, microbial biomass N, and non-extractable N) in a 4-month greenhouse incubation experiment using 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old (referred to below as 1Y, 2Y, 3Y, and 4Y, respectively) composts, representing substrates with different quality. Regardless of compost age, after 4 months of incubation extractable N concentrations decreased (P<0.05), in contrast with the increasing pattern of the non-extractable N, indicating stabilization of the extractable N into the recalcitrant soil organic fraction. Fertilizer N application increased (P<0.05) extractable N concentrations. In the younger composts, a major part of the applied ¹⁵N was recovered in the non-extractable N fraction (44.0% for 1Y and 38.5% for 2Y) with little recovered as mineral N. On the other hand, a considerable percentage of the applied ¹⁵N (21.8% for 3Y and 18.8% for 4Y) was found in the pool in the older composts with relatively high mineral N but low organic C contents. This study shows that the dynamics of biologically available N and fate of applied N in the composts depend on compost quality such as mineral N and organic C contents, and compost C:N ratio. To use the co-composted drilling waste as growth media, different N management strategies need to be established for those composts with differed substrate quality.