壳聚糖对黄瓜穴盘苗根际细菌多样性的影响

为明确壳聚糖对黄瓜穴盘苗根际细菌群落结构的影响,以添加壳聚糖的草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩为基质,进行黄瓜穴盘育苗试验,测定幼苗生长指标,并采用454焦磷酸测序技术测定穴盘苗根际细菌的种群变化。结果表明:基质添加壳聚糖可以显著促进黄瓜穴盘苗生长。添加壳聚糖使穴盘苗根际基质中细菌群落的Ace、Chao1和Shannon指数减小,Simpson指数增大,根际细菌群落的丰富度和多样性降低。序列分析表明,黄瓜穴盘苗根际基质中的细菌主要是丛毛单胞菌科Pelomonas属、假单胞菌科纤维弧菌属、黄色杆菌科Dokdonella属和草酸杆菌科Massilia属等。添加壳聚糖后,根际细菌如Pelomonas属、纤维弧菌属、根瘤菌属、Pedobacter属、Flavobacterium属等的相对丰度显著升高,这些细菌属多具有植物促生潜力;而食酸菌属、Dokdonella属、Massilia属、丰祐菌属、纤维单胞菌属等的相对丰度显著降低。可见,基质添加壳聚糖有利于根际有益细菌的选择性富集,改善黄瓜穴盘苗根际微生态环境,促进幼苗生长。     

Soil Bacterial Communities Under Different Long-Term Fertilization Regimes in Three Locations Across the Black Soil Region of Northeast China

Although soil bacteria play critical roles in agro-ecosystems, the knowledge of their response to long-term fertilization across the black soil region of Northeast China is limited. In this study, we sequenced 16 S rRNA genes to assess the effects of four long-term fertilization regimes—non-fertilization(NoF), chemical fertilizer(CF), manure(M), and chemical fertilizer plus manure(CFM)—on soil properties and bacterial communities in three locations, the northern, middle, and southern parts, across the black soil region. Results showed that the influence of fertilization regimes on soil properties varied significantly among the three locations. Manure fertilization significantly increased microbial biomass carbon and relative abundance of copiotrophic bacteria. Principal component analysis(PCA)showed that the total bacterial communities were separated into three groups according to the sampling location despite long-term fertilization, and that soil pH was the most important factor in shifting bacterial communities. In addition, similar fertilization regimes resulted in different influences on bacterial community composition, and the most influential soil properties varied among the three locations. Our results highlighted that geographical separation was a more dominant factor affecting bacterial communities than fertilization, and that long-term similar fertilization regimes did not induce consistent changes in bacterial community composition in the black soil region.     

江淮地区不同品种光敏型高丹草对土壤微生态环境的影响

为了研究江淮地区不同品种光敏型高丹草（Sorghum-sudangrass hybrid）对土壤微生态环境的影响,本研究选取海牛Monster（HN）、帕卡Pa Kahuna（PK）、大卡Big Kahuna（DK）和高丹草BJ0603（GDC）4个品种,利用传统法测定不同土层土壤理化性质、使用试剂盒测定根际土壤酶活性,通过高通量测序法对根际土壤细菌群落多样性进行了分析。结果表明：各品种根部土壤理化性质、酶活性及微生物多样性具有显著的品种差异;PK根际土壤细菌多样性显著高于其他3个品种;根际土壤细菌群落多样性变化与土壤总氮（Total nitrogen,TN）及有机质（Organic matter,OM）含量变化关系较大。综上,不同品种土壤微生态环境差异显著,因此,根据不同品种特性制定引种及管理方案可以在提高产量和品质的基础上改良土壤,提高土地生产力。     

厚朴转录组特征分析及EST-SSR标记的开发

为探明厚朴的基因组信息,开发合适的生物学工具以促进厚朴的遗传育种,本研究利用Illumina-Solexa测序技术对厚朴根、茎皮、叶不同组织的9个样本进行转录组分析,获得大量的序列信息,并以转录组序列为基础进行厚朴SSR分子标记的大规模发掘。结果表明,共获得了109 526条厚朴转录组序列,平均序列长度为1 023 bp,通过与蛋白数据库NR、Swiss-Prot、GO、KOG和KEGG五个数据库比对,分别有6 0361、39 942、65 535、51 351和27 310条厚朴转录组的Unigene被注释;厚朴转录组表达信息进行大通量SSR位点的发掘,发现了含SSR位点的序列25 925条,共27 721个SSR位点,SSR出现的频率为23.67%。厚朴转录组共发现了374种碱基重复模式,且CT/GA和AG/TC是主要的双碱基重复序列,AGA/TCT和AAG/TTC是主要的三碱基重复序列;随机挑选的180对SSR引物中有104对产生清晰可重复的条带,21对引物具有多态性,厚朴SSR引物多态性较高。本研究结果为厚朴及近缘种的遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建及比较基因组研究奠定了一定的理论基础。     

Influence of different dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth and intestinal microbiota of Litopenaeus vannamei at low salinity

Because of the increasing market potential of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and limited availability of coastal areas for production, culture of L. vannamei at low salinity is a growing trend throughout the world. Dietary manipulation could improve the growth performance of L. vannamei at low salinity. This study reared L. vannamei with glucose, sucrose and corn starch as dietary carbohydrate sources, respectively, at a low salinity. The results indicated that the sucrose and glucose feeding groups showed better growth performance. An Illumina‐based sequencing method was used to examine the intestinal bacterial composition and the results indicated that Proteobacteria were the most prevalent members, but abundance of Actinobacteria decreased while Firmicutes increased in the corn starch‐fed group. Furthermore, bacteria related to complex carbohydrate degradation were in lower abundance, whereas the abundance of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria increased in corn starch‐fed group than the other two groups, suggesting that the diet imposes selective pressure on the intestinal microbiota. Complex carbohydrates were not the ideal energy sources for L. vannamei at low salinity because the host has higher energy demand in the stressful conditions while the complex carbohydrate degradation efficiency of the gut microbiota in L. vannamei is limited.     

珠江河网冬季浮游细菌群落结构及其影响因素

为了解珠江河网冬季浮游细菌群落结构,探讨影响其群落结构的环境因素,于2017年11月和2018年1月在珠江河网(112.18°E～113.51°E,22.38°N～23.17°N)采集表层水样,借助IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序平台,运用16S rDNA扩增子技术研究珠江河网冬季浮游细菌群落结构,使用R(3.5.2)软件包以及SPSS进行统计分析及作图。结果表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)是珠江河网丰度较高的门类,细菌群落优势种群依次为γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)和α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)。珠江河网冬季浮游细菌具有较高的菌群多样性(两次样品的Shannon指数分别为6.78±0.29、6.23±0.71), NMDS分析表明,浮游细菌群落结构之间不存在显著的地域差异。Pearson相关性分析表明,温度与γ-变形菌纲(P0.05)、放线菌纲(P0.05)以及α-变形菌纲(P0.01)的丰度显著正相关,pH与放线菌纲(P0.05)、α-变形菌纲(P0.01)的丰度以及多样性指数(Shannon:P0.01; Simpson:P0.01)显著负相关,溶解氧与α-变形菌纲的丰度显著负相关(P0.05)。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,温度、pH是影响浮游细菌群落的主要因子。     

健康与感染青枯病烟株根际土壤与茎秆真菌群落结构与多样性

为研究感染青枯病后烟株根际土壤与茎秆真菌群落结构与多样性的变化,对健康和感染青枯病烟株的根际土壤、病株茎秆发病组织和健株茎秆健康组织等样品中真菌ITS区的rDNA进行了PCR扩增、用Illumina MiSeq测序技术对扩增DNA片段进行高通量测序,并分析不同样品的真菌群落组成与多样性。结果表明,所有烟株根际土壤中优势门为子囊菌门Ascomycota和接合菌门Zygomycota;所有茎秆样品中优势门为担子菌门Basidiomycota和子囊菌门。在属水平,被孢霉属Mortierella、镰刀菌属Fusarium和隐球菌属Cryptococcus为所有土壤中的主要菌属,Boeremia主要存在于发病烟株根际土壤中,而木霉属Trichoderma主要存在于健康烟株根际土壤。发病茎秆病害组织中优势属为小画线壳属Monographella、隐球菌属、鬼伞属Coprinopsis和赤霉属Gibberella;发病茎秆病健交界处组织中优势属为隐球菌属、红酵母属Rhodotorula和小画线壳属。健康烟株茎秆组织中优势属为隐球菌属、链格孢属Alternaria和红酵母属;健康烟株中与发病茎秆病健交界处组织等高茎秆中优势属为镰刀菌属、隐球菌属、链格孢属和Gibellulopsis。青枯菌侵染烟株后根际土壤、发病茎秆病害组织和发病茎秆病健交界处组织的真菌群落中物种丰富度与多样性均显著提高,且发病茎秆病害组织与发病茎秆病健交界处组织真菌群落的变化大于根际土壤。研究结果为烟草青枯病的生物防治提供了参考。     

Interactive effects of elevation and land use on soil bacterial communities in the Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau of China is uniquely vulnerable to the global climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. As soil bacteria exert a considerable influence on the ecosystem function, understanding their response to different climates and land-use types is important. Here, we characterized the bacterial community composition and diversity across three major ecosystems (cropland, forest, and grassland) in the Sygera Mountains of Tibet, along a typical elevational gradient (3 300-4 600 m). The abundance of taxa that preferentially inhabit neutral or weak alkaline soil environments (such as Actinobacteria, Thermoleophilia, and some non-acidophilus Acidobacteria) was significantly greater in the cropland than in the forest and grassland. Furthermore, the diversity of soil bacterial communities was also significantly greater in the cropland than in the forest and grassland. We observed a unimodal distribution of bacterial species diversity along the elevation gradient. The dominant phyla Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria exhibited consistent elevational distribution patterns that mirrored the abundance of their most abundant classes, while different patterns were observed for Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria at the class level. Soil pH was the primary edaphic property that regulated bacterial community composition across the different land-use types. Additionally, soil pH was the main factor distinguishing bacterial communities in managed soils (i.e., cropland) from the communities in the natural environments (i.e., forest and grassland). In conclusion, land use (particularly anthropogenic disturbances such as cropping) largely controlled soil environment, played a major role in driving bacterial community composition and distribution, and also surpassed climate in affecting bacterial community distribution.     

Silicon impacts on soil microflora under Ralstonia Solanacearum inoculation

Silicon(Si) can increase plant resistance against bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and enhance plant immune response. However, whether Si alleviates soil-borne disease stress through altering soil microbial community component and diversity is not clear. In this study, effects of Si application under R. solanacearum inoculation with or without plant on soil bacterial and fungal communities were investigated through high-throughput pyrosequencing technique. The results showed that Si addition significantly reduced bacterial wilt incidence. However, Si did not reduce the amount of R. solanacearum in rhizosphere soil. Principal components analysis showed that soil microbial community composition was strongly influenced by Si addition. Total 63.7% bacterial operational taxonomic units(OTUs) and 43.8% fungal OTUs were regulated by Si addition regardless of the presence of tomato plants, indicating the independent effects of Si on soil microbial community. Si-added soil harbored a lower abundance of Fusarium, Pseudomonas, and Faecalibacterium. Our finding further demonstrated that exogenous Si could significantly influence soil microbial community component, and this may provide additional insight into the mechanism of Si-enhanced plant resistance against soil-borne pathogens.