Nutritional (Fe-Mn) interactions in ‘Big Top’ peach plants as influenced by the rootstock and by the soil CaCO3 concentration

Manganese (Mn) toxicity in plants is often not a clearly identifiable disorder and it can interfere with the absorption, translocation, and utilization of other elements such as Ca, Mg, Fe, and P. Soil conditions, management factors, and the use of different genotypes of rootstock can determine the degree of Mn toxicity and of interaction with other elements in the orchard. Five plants of the cultivar ‘Big Top’® grafted onto itself, onto plum rootstock ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and onto hybrid peach x almond rootstock ‘GF677’ were grown in 25-L containers under three treatments, 0, 20, 30% concentration of total lime, obtained by mixing powdered CaCO₃ to a sandy soil. Plants were fertilized with manure and a solid fertilizer early in April and irrigated in summer periodically with water rich in manganese. After just 28 d, active lime caused a decrease of chlorophyll SPAD index especially in plants grafted on itself, while those grafted on the tolerant ‘GF677’ rootstock behaved better than those grafted on ‘Mr.S.2/5.’ From June to September, irrigation caused increases in soil Mn concentration and Mn concentration in control plants. This caused first a serious defoliation in Big Top / Big Top plants and then a re-greening of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and ‘GF677,’ probably due to the interaction between iron and manganese at high pH. In particular the 20% CaCO₃ addition to the soil preserved the plants of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ from Mn toxicity, as shown by their high chlorophyll content and growth and lower Mn leaf concentrations. Plants grafted onto ‘GF677’ rootstock showed the best behaviour under 30% CaCO₃ treatment associated to higher Fe(III)-reducing capacity and photosynthetic activity. Rootstocks and soil conditions (lime and waterlogging) influenced mineral status and growth of the peach cultivar ‘Big Top,’ particularly by interacting together and modifying Fe-Mn availability.     

Fe Deficiency Responses in Parietaria diffusa: A Calcicole Plant

Abstract

Pellitory of the wall (Parietaria diffusa L.), a dicotyledonous wild plant belonging to the family of Urticaceae, is widespread on calcareous soils, and also on walls and debris, were lime concentration, sometimes, is extremely high; it may then be considered a calcicole plant. Since high pH values and the presence of CaCO₃ and HCO₃ ^? cause low Fe solubility, its availability in such substrates could be the ecological factor limiting the distribution of spontaneous plants in calcareous soils, and a calcareous soil‐born plant should be characterized by a higher Fe‐efficiency in comparison with calcifuge ones. Parietaria diffusa was grown in nutrient solutions in the presence and in the absence of Fe, and in the presence of CaCO₃ and bicarbonate at two concentrations (5 and 15 mM), in order to simulate a natural substrate with different lime contents. Some biochemical parameters were determined and the morphological and hystological modifications of the root system were evaluated in order to verify whether Parietaria is a Fe‐efficient plant and adopts the adaptive mechanisms of Strategy I Fe‐efficient plants.     

杂交水稻京福1优527高产栽培试验研究

为进一步提高京福1优527的单产水平,挖掘其产量潜力,2007年在福建省三明地区进行种植密度、纯氮施用量、磷肥施用量、钾肥施用量4因素3水平正交试验,结果表明,每公顷基本苗21.74万株、施用纯氮150kg、施用磷肥90kg、施用钾肥150kg可实现较高的产量水平,与其它处理差异达显著。京福1优527高产栽培策略是合理密植,控制好基本苗数。一般中等肥力田基本苗以21.74万/hm2左右为宜,例如安排密植规格为20 cm×23 cm,每丛插1~2苗左右。同时通过合理施用氮、磷肥促使大穗,以达到高产目的。在中等肥力条件下,每公顷施用纯氮150kg、磷肥150kg可达到7.72t/hm2左右的产量水平。与此同时,配合施用钾肥和有机肥也是很必要的。     

生长抑素卵黄抗体对北京油鸡血中胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ和甲状腺激素水平的影响

选用1日龄北京油鸡60只,随机各半分为试验组和对照组。试验组自7日龄起,每10 d自颈部皮下注射 生长抑素卵黄抗体(SS-IgY)制剂1mL;对照组做生理盐水平行处理。采用RIA法、双抗法测定不同生长阶段鸡只血 中胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ),甲状腺激素(T3和T4)浓度,结果为:与对照组相比,试验组鸡只血中IGF-Ⅰ和T4 浓度极显著增高(P<0.01),血中T3浓度无显著差异。试验中,血中IGF-Ⅰ水平的动态变化与SS-IgY促进鸡只周增 重表现出的促生长效率曲线变化相似,两者间有较强相关(R=0.87)。上述结果表明,SS-IgY能有效提升北京油鸡血 中IGF-Ⅰ和T4水平,并因此导致试验组鸡只增重较快。     

高产杂交籼稻新组合"特优649"产业化技术研究Ⅰ密度及主要肥料因子对产量的影响

试验采用裂区设计,以肥料为主区,密度为副区,研究高产杂交籼稻新组合"特优649"的密度和氮肥、磷肥、钾肥施用量与产量的关系,结果表明当密度为37.5万穴/hm2,或株行距为20cm×13.2cm,氮肥施用量为225kg纯氮/hm2,其N,P2O5,K2O的比例为1.00.50.8时,产量最高,平均达9.24t/hm2,最高达9.36t/hm2.据此提出产量指标为9.0th/m2以上的优化农艺措施组合为每hm2密度37.5万穴,每穴插2粒谷秧,纯氮用量225kg,P2O5用量112.5kg,K2O用量180.0kg,其中基肥为猪牛粪22.5t+30kg过磷酸钙试验还提出了相配套的水分运筹方法.     

Formation and properties of hydroxy iron(iii) oligomer-citrate complex

Instantaneous neutralization of Fe (III) chloride dissolved in N a citrate by powdery NaHC03 gave stable clear brown sols. The sol particles separated by dialysis and freeze-drying showed a single diffraction peak at 2 nm and a citrate/Fe molar ratio of about 0.2 irrespective of the composition of the starting solutions. This indicates that the product may be a novel phase of Fe (III) citrate.     

Plant species traits regulate methane production in freshwater wetland soils

Ecosystem and biogeochemical responses to anthropogenic stressors are the result of complex interactions between plants and microbes. A mechanistic understanding of how plant traits influence microbial processes is needed in order to predict the ecosystem-level effects of natural or anthropogenic change. This is particularly true in wetland ecosystems, where plants alter the availability of both electron donors (e.g., organic carbon) and electron acceptors (e.g., oxygen and ferric iron), thereby regulating the total amount of anaerobic respiration and the production of methane, a highly potent greenhouse gas. In this study, we examined how plant traits associated with plant inputs of carbon (photosynthesis and biomass) and oxygen (root porosity and ferric iron on roots) to mineral soils relate to microbial competition for organic carbon and, ultimately, methane production. Plant productivity was positively correlated with microbial respiration and negatively correlated to methane production. Root porosity was relatively constant across plant species, but belowground biomass, total biomass, and the concentration of oxidized (ferric) iron on roots varied significantly between species. As a result the size of the total root oxidized iron pool varied considerably across plant species, scaling with plant productivity. Large pools of oxidized iron were related to high CO₂:CH₄ ratios during microbial respiration, indicating that as plant productivity and biomass increased, microbes used non-methanogenic respiration pathways, most likely including the reduction of iron oxides. Taken together these results suggest that increased oxygen input from plants with greater biomass can offset any potential stimulation of methanogenic microbes from additional carbon inputs. Because the species composition of plant communities influences both electron donor and acceptor availability in wetland soils, changes in plant species as a consequence of anthropogenic disturbance have the potential to trigger profound effects on microbial processes, including changes in anaerobic decomposition rates and the proportion of mineralized carbon emitted as the greenhouse gas methane.     

高产、多抗、优质杂交中籼新组合Ⅱ优559

Ⅱ优559系江苏省沿海地区农科所用不育系Ⅱ-32A与恢复系盐恢559配组育成的，集高产、多抗、优质为一体的三系杂交籼稻新组合， 2001年底通过江苏省农作物品种审定委员会审定命名。     

不同栽培密度对杂交水稻新组合Ⅱ优T16产量的影响

[目的]探索杂交水稻新组合Ⅱ优T16的产量增长潜力。[方法]研究不同海拨和栽培密度对杂交水稻Ⅱ优T16产量的影响,探讨Ⅱ优T16获得高产的最佳栽培密度。[结果]在海拨252 m的试验点,当栽培密度为19.5万窝/hm2时Ⅱ优T16产量最高,达11 587.5kg/hm2。在海拨756 m的试验点,当栽培密度为22.5万窝/hm2产量最高,达12 817.5 kg/hm2。[结论]铜仁地区Ⅱ优T16获得高产的最佳栽培密度为低海拨地区19.5万窝/hm2,中高海拨地区为22.5万窝/hm2。     

以電化學分析法探討堆肥對土壤三價砷活性的影響

台灣西南沿?貐^土壤中砷含量有偏高情形,砷含量過高會經由各種途徑對人體造成毒害。以X-射線繞射儀與傅立葉轉換紅外線吸收光譜儀證明普魯士藍對三價砷的孯恍晕綑C制,再以普魯士藍修飾電極搭配流動注入系統來偵測土壤三價砷,並探討堆肥對三價砷在不同土壤中吸附與脫附的影響。試驗結果得知電化學分析技術可快速、簡便且準確地偵測土壤三價砷,且結果中也指出堆肥處理會增加秀水與後里土壤對三價砷的吸附。此外,三種土壤不論有無施用堆肥,脫附百分率的大小順序爲興大>秀水>後里,其中秀水土壤雖在施用堆肥後吸附力大小明顯增加,但脫附百分率下降的情形較不明顯,顯示黏土礦物種類與含量控制三價砷的脫附行爲。