南岳衡山风景林林下植物筛选研究

以南岳衡山风景林林下植物为研究对象,设立了26块样地,通过对68种研究地林下植物采用美景度评价法进行了评价,得出了公众对于林下植物的喜好规律,筛选出最优林下植物,研究结果可为衡山风景林林下景观植物筛选和改造经营技术提供理论依据。     

秦岭太白山巴山冷杉天然林群落物种多样性

研究秦岭太白山区域巴山冷杉天然林群落的物种组成、多样性及其对海拔的响应,可为天然林的保护与合理开发利用提供科学依据。采用典型样方调查法,分析巴山冷杉天然林群落各层次的物种组成,计算其重要值、物种多样性指数,并针对天然林物种多样性与其所在海拔因子的关系进行耦合。结果表明,巴山冷杉天然林群落共有123种植物,巴山冷杉为该群落的建群种,重要值高达64.95%,乔木物种构成比较单一;灌木层共有41个物种,其中秦岭箭竹重要值高达32.39%,为灌木层主要优势种;草本层的物种多达77种,呈随机分布,单个物种的优势度不高。群落中各层次物种丰富度为草本层>灌木层>乔木层,均匀度指数、优势度指数和多样性指数均为草本层高于木本层。随着海拔的升高,灌木层的多样性指数变动幅度较大,而草本层多呈平缓上升趋势。物种丰富度在海拔2 500 m处有最大值,均匀度指数、优势度指数、多样性指数均在海拔2 886 m处达到最大值。秦岭太白山巴山冷杉天然林群落的自我更新演替能力较差,呈衰退状态。海拔对林下各层次物种多样性有一定影响,且对灌木层的影响大于草本层。     

昆嵛山国家级自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

以昆嵛山国家级自然保护区森林生态系统为研究对象,依据林业行业标准《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T1721-2008),选取涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、林木积累营养物质、净化大气、生物多样性保护、森林游憩等7项功能进行评估。结果表明:昆嵛山国家级自然保护区森林生态系统每年能够提供的服务功能总价值量为12.484亿元/a,单位面积价值量为11.642万元/hm^2。生物多样性(3.527亿元/a)>涵养水源(2.792亿元/a)>固碳释氧(2.749亿元/a)>净化大气(2.226亿元/a)>保育土壤(0.93亿元/a)>森林游憩(0.227亿元/a)>林木积累营养物质(0.033亿元/a)。     

甘肃兴隆山自然保护区森林演替对土壤肥力影响的评价

以黄土高原半干旱区森林群落为研究对象,从土壤物理、化学和生物化学因子出发,利用模糊数学和因子分析方法对甘肃兴隆山植物群落演替过程土壤肥力的变化特征进行了综合评价。结果表明:4类林分土壤综合质量由高到低依次是落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、灌木林、针叶林。证明随着森林群落演替进展,土壤肥力呈降低趋势。解决当前该区针叶林土壤退化的主要措施是利用人为干扰来控制生态演替,以维持地力平衡和提高林地生产力。     

长白山原始阔叶红松林细根分布及其周转的研究

采用连续土钻分层取样法，对长白山自然保护区中原始阔叶红松林细根的垂直分布、生长和周转进行了研究. 结果表明，在原始阔叶红松林中，细根的平均生物量为827.8 g/m[[sup]]2[[/sup]]；细根在不同土层中的垂直分布符合指数曲线回归方程，大量的细根集中在0～10 cm土层. 通过回归分析发现，细根的垂直分布与土层容重、温度和碳、氮含量存在显著的回归关系（P0.01）. 在原始阔叶红松林中，群落细根的生长高峰发生在7月和10月，但其中主要树种、其他木本和草本的细根有着不同的生长动态，所以在计算细根生产量时应该分类计算，才会得出较为准确的结果. 通过对主要树种、其他木本和草本细根的分类计算，得出原始阔叶红松林中细根年生产量为912.4 g/m2，周转率为每年1.6次.      

九阜山杀虫抗菌蕨类植物资源调查初报

对福建省尤溪县九阜山省级自然保护区具有杀虫抗菌作用的蕨类植物资源进行调查,结果表明,该区可作为农药使用的野生蕨类植物共有21种,分属12科18属,主要集中在鳞毛蕨科(5种)、紫萁科(2种)、凤尾蕨科(2种)、乌毛蕨科(2种)、金星蕨科(2种),开发利用价值较大的种类有海金沙、紫萁、蕨、狗脊蕨、蜈蚣草、乌毛蕨、阔鳞鳞毛蕨等。介绍了每种杀虫抗菌蕨类植物的生境、主要化学成分、活性部位和作用方式,并提出开发利用建议。     

Regeneration of Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) and limber pine (Pinus flexilis) three decades after stand-replacing fires

Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) and limber pine (Pinus flexilis) are important high-elevation pines of the southern Rockies that are forecast to decline due to the recent spread of white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) into this region. Proactive management strategies to promote the evolution of rust resistance and maintain ecosystem function require an improved understanding of the role of disturbance on the population dynamics of both species and environmental conditions that favor seedling establishment. We examined patterns of bristlecone and limber pine regeneration across the perimeters of three, 29-year-old, high-severity burns in northern, central, and southern Colorado: Ouzel, Badger Mountain, and Maes Creek, respectively. Both species exhibited a very protracted regeneration response to these fires. Bristlecone pine regeneration was concentrated near burn edges and beneath surviving seed sources. This spatial pattern is consistent with limitations incurred by wind-dispersal, also borne out by the low occurrence of seedling clusters. Relative to unburned stands, the absolute abundance of bristlecone pine generally increased only on plots retaining some surviving trees. Limber pine regeneration pattern varied between sites: high in the burn interior at Ouzel, concentrated at burn edges at Badger, and mostly in unburned stands at Maes. Clark’s Nutcracker dispersal of limber pine in each study area was indicated by high seedling distance from possible seed sources and high frequencies of clustered stems. Except at Ouzel, the absolute abundance of limber pine decreased in burns. Across sites, establishment by both species was boosted by nearby nurse objects (rocks, fallen logs, and standing tree trunks), a relationship that extended out at least as far as the closest three such objects, usually found within 50 cm. Fire decreased the frequency of Pedicularis but increased Castilleja and Ribes species (alternate hosts of white pine blister rust), though only one species, R. cereum, was positively associated with either pine species. We conclude that regeneration of bristlecone and limber pine may benefit from natural disturbance or proactive management creating appropriately sized openings and microtopographic structure (e.g., abundant fallen logs); however, beneficial responses may require many decades to be achieved.     

长白山区栎松口蘑菌丝分离及纯培养初步研究

文章对长白山区栎松口蘑子实体不同部位的组织分离、培养条件进行初步研究。结果表明:子实体菌褶部位分离成功率最高,达50%,菌肉与菌柄基部为15%,菌柄中上部外缘与中央为10%;栎松口蘑菌丝生长在17~22℃(室温)2、4℃、26℃梯度之间差异不显著,培养基以E配方较为合适。     

山地小气候模型在帽儿山地区气候模拟中的应用

利用山地小气候模拟模型(MTCLIM)对帽儿山地区气候进行了模拟,由已测数据作为输入变量,对帽儿山张家沟集水区2002年最冷月均温、最热月均温、降水量、蒸散发等进行了模拟估算,结果表明:高海拔地区年积温低于低海拔地区,符合随海拔高度的增加温度降低的一般规律;最冷月均温、最热月均温分布规律与积温的分布规律相吻合,它们的空间分布与地形变化基本上是一致的。但是由于植被因素的作用,潜在蒸散量略有不同。用帽儿山气象站1989—2001年实测数据对模拟结果进行验证,两者数据基本符合。将MTCLIM模型与GIS技术相结合,采用不同的垂直递减率,运用Kringing方法对气象因子的时间、空间分布的模拟,不仅可以了解温度、降水、辐射等因子的分布情况,还可以为生态学过程研究奠定坚实的基础,同时也可以为植被动态模型提供气候数据支持,揭示森林植被变化的动态过程,实现森林景观与功能的耦合。     

Effects of deforestation on phosphorus pools in mountain soils of the Alay Range, Khyrgyzia

 The amount, quality and turnover of soil P is heavily influenced by changes in soil management. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of deforestation and pasture establishment on the concentrations, forms and turnover rate of soil P in mountain soils of the Alay Range, Khyrgyzia. A sequential extraction was applied to distinguish soil P pools. We used particle-size fractionation to follow the dynamics of different P pools in soils under forest and pasture and ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy to investigate the structure of alkali-soluble P forms. In the A horizons of the forest soils, total soil P concentration was 1093 mg kg^–1, organic P (P_o) representing 46% of the total P. Deforestation followed by pasture establishment not only increased significantly (P<0.01) the total P concentration (1560 mg kg^–1) but also the contribution of P_o to total P was increased by 17%. Pasture soils had significantly higher P pools than forest soils except highly labile inorganic P (P_i NaHCO₃) and primary P_i (P_i HCl_dil). Both in forest and pasture soils stable P increased with decreasing particle size (coarse sand 50%, clay 80% of total P) and primary P decreased with decreasing particle size. Phosphate monoesters and diesters represented 80% of P identified by ³¹P NMR. Low monoester to diester ratios in the alkali extracts of forest and pasture soils indicate low microbial activity. This is consistent with high C/P_o ratios and high stable P_o concentrations in the fine earth of forest and pasture. Received: 10 March 1999