中国乡村的“空心村”现象原因分析

改革开放促进了中国农村社会经济的发展,同时出现了“空心村”问题。“空心村”现象出现有其深刻的原因,学术界主要归纳为国家政策城乡差异化、经济转型与民工潮涌动,本文则认为,其深层次则是应该是住宅商品化进程、明代以来民宅选址所考虑的因素发生重大变化等的结果,这其实这是一种正常的社会现象,是1840年以来传统社会向现代社会转型的继续,即人们先是摆脱宗族和地缘聚居模式,向现代个性特征模式转变;是传统的着眼于安全考虑的聚居型向现代方便、舒适型,便于商品化发展的转变,是对中国乡村社会的传统村落格局进行重新构建。通过分析“空心村”问题产生的原因,指出政府要通过系列改革行动有机地改变空心村所带来的负面效应,有针对性地拿出解决问题的对策。     

房屋建筑白蚁防治工程新技术展望

白蚁被列为世界性五大害虫之一,种类繁多,每年对房屋造成巨大的经济损失.本文列出了一些有极大应用前景的房屋建筑白蚁防治工程新技术、新方法、新理念,以期为今后绿色、环保、卫生、可持续的保障房屋住用安全提供理论和技术参考.     

Insulated, uninsulated and outdoor housing for replacement beef heifers on restricted grass silage-based diet in a cold environment

The present experiment studied whether replacement beef heifers, offered restricted amounts of a grass silage-based diet, can be overwintered in outdoor housing facilities in cold Nordic conditions (minimum temperature approximately − 35 °C). Twenty-one Hereford heifers, initial live weight (LW) 237 kg in Experiment 1 and 256 kg in Experiment 2, were selected for a two-year study. In both experiments, the treatments consisted of three winter housings which were Insulated pen (I), Uninsulated pen (U) and Outdoor area with a rain shelter (O). Grass silage supplemented with oats was offered restricted and the heifers received daily during winter on average 63 and 65 MJ metabolizable energy in Experiment 1 and 2, respectively. The live weight gain of the heifers in treatment U (795 g/d) was higher than in the other treatments (I; 760 and O; 747 g/d). No significant differences in the body condition score (scale from extremely thin, 0 to extremely fat, 5) were observed between the treatments. In Experiment 1, the serum concentrations of long-chain fatty acids were lower in the heifers in treatment I than in the heifers in the other treatments, probably due to increased lipolysis of the heifers in treatment I. In both experiments the serum concentrations of urea were lower and concentrations of total proteins higher in the animals in treatment I than in the other animals. No clear harmful effects, like muscle injuries, extraordinary stress or increased occurrence of diseases, could be observed in any of the treatments. The breeding season was 78 and 83 days in Experiment 1 and 2, respectively. The conception rate after natural breeding was 95% in both experiments. On the basis of the results, replacement beef heifers on a restricted feeding scheme can be overwintered outdoors in Nordic conditions without negative effects on animal performance. Nevertheless, the outdoor winter housing facilities must protect the animals from becoming wet and dirty and thus should be equipped with a rain shelter to provide a dry resting area with sufficient bedding material available.     

Spatiotemporal dynamics of housing growth hotspots in the North Central U.S. from 1940 to 2000

Housing growth is a primary form of landscape change that is occurring throughout the world. Because of the ecological impacts of housing growth, understanding the patterns of growth over time is imperative in order to better inform land use planning, natural resource management, and conservation. Our primary goal was to quantify hotspots of housing growth in the North Central United States over a 60-year time frame (1940–2000) using a spatial statistical approach. Specifically, our objectives were to: (1) determine where housing growth hotspots exist; (2) determine if hotspots are changing in space and over time; and, (3) investigate if hotspots differ based upon the type of measurement and scale of analysis. Our approach was based on a spatial statistical framework (Getis-Ord G* statistic) that compared local housing growth patterns with regional growth rates. Over the 60-year period the number and mean area of hotspots, measured both as absolute and percent growth, remained largely constant. However, total area of all hotspots increased significantly over time as measured by absolute growth. Spatially, the hotspots shifted over time and exhibited different patterns based upon the measurement. Absolute growth hotspots exhibited patterns of expanding sets of rings around urban centers, whereas percent growth hotspots exhibited both expanding rings and shifting locations throughout rural locations. When increasing the neighborhood size used to discern hotspots from 5 to 50 km, the number of hotspots decreased while their size increased. Regardless of neighborhood size, ∼95 and ∼88% of the landscape, as measured by absolute and percent growth, respectively, never contained a hotspot. Overall our results indicate that housing growth is occurring at distinct locations on the landscape, which change in space and time, and are influenced by the scale of analysis and type of measure. In general these results provide useful information for the natural resource, planning, and policy communities.     

浅论深圳东部休闲住宅及其生态环境营造

生态绿地系统作为旅游度假区重要组成部分,其规划布局应以能维护区域生态安全和创造良好游憩环境为目标,制定出在开发过程中确保生态质量的优化方案。本文通过在从化流溪河温泉旅游度假区绿地系统规划中生态最优化的规划实践,探讨了实现生态环境保护与旅游开发建设"双赢"的绿地系统布局方法。     

内涵指数和城镇住宅市场供求机制的研究

本文概述了衡量住宅质量的内涵指数方法。内涵指数对其任一住宅特征的变化都很灵敏，较好地体现了住宅的非同质性，它定义了住宅市场中的商品，使住宅市场定量分析成为可能。     

吴桥县城区基准地价更新过程中土地还原利率的确定

提出了现阶段确定土地还原利率的常用方法,采用2种方法对吴桥县城区基准地价更新过程中的土地还原利率进行了确定,具有一定的科学性和实用性。     

The cross-level impact of landscape patterns on housing premiums in micro-neighborhoods

This paper attempts to examine the impacts of the spatial structure of landscape on housing premiums in Austin, TX through the years of 2009–2011. Dissimilar to previous studies, this paper highlighted three points. First, landscape patterns was observed—not only the composition but also the configuration in terms of shape, fragmentation, isolation, and connectivity. Second, the definition of neighborhood in this study was closely matched to the nature of a residential neighborhood, which was represented by a residential subdivision that has a name and a high level of homogeneous characteristics (i.e., development age, appraised value, lot size, and housing size). This approach specifically helps understand the impact of landscape configuration at the micro-level neighborhoods. Third, the hierarchical nature of neighborhoods and embedded parcels—nested parcels within the same neighborhood posit a certain level of identity as a whole—was given attention so that multi-level modeling could be employed. Conceptually and theoretically, multi-level modeling is a better approach to examine phenomenon that occur in multi-level units that show a clear hierarchy. The findings indicated that home buyers are willing to pay more to live in neighborhoods with the high ratio of tree cover. This is a finding consistent with previous studies. Meanwhile, the detailed spatial configuration of landscape does not play an important role at the residential neighborhood level. This result urges policy makers to be more scale-sensitive when planning landscape and indicates that micro neighborhoods are not the correct spatial level to discuss the spatial configuration of landscape, greenways, and green network.     

Horses Could Perceive Riding Differently Depending on the Way They Express Poor Welfare in the Stable

This study investigated the relationships between four behavioral and postural indicators of a compromised welfare state in loose boxes (stereotypies, aggressive behaviors toward humans, withdrawn posture reflecting unresponsiveness to the environment, and alert posture indicating hypervigilance) and the way horses perceived riding. This perception was inferred using a survey completed by the usual riding instructor and during a standardized riding session (assessment of behaviors and postures, qualitative behavior assessment (QBA) and characterization of the horses’ locomotion using an inertial measurement unit). In accordance with ear and tail positions and the QBA, stereotypic and the most hypervigilant horses in loose boxes seemed to experience a more negative affective state during the riding session compared with nonstereotypic and less hypervigilant animals (P < .02 in all cases). Horses which were aggressive toward humans in loose boxes had higher scores regarding the occurrence of discomfort and defensive behaviors on the survey than nonaggressive horses (P = .03). They also presented higher dorsoventral accelerations at a canter during the riding session (P = .03), requiring the rider to increase his spinal movement (P = .005). These results suggest that aggressive horses may be harder to ride than nonaggressive animals. The expression of unresponsiveness to the environment in loose boxes was related to more reluctance to move forward, as assessed in the survey (P = .006). This study suggests that a compromised welfare state in the stable is related to horses having a more negative perception of riding. This perception could vary depending on the expression of poor welfare.     

Relationships between avian diversity, neighborhood age, income, and environmental characteristics of an urban landscape

Maintaining biodiversity in urbanizing landscapes has become a top conservation priority. We examined variation in bird communities across a diverse array of urban and suburban neighborhoods in the Chicago, Illinois, metropolitan region. Rather than taking the usual approach of focusing solely on natural features of the urban landscape, we investigated how urban bird communities were related to neighborhood age and income, as well as environmental characteristics. We found that median housing age was strongly related to avian species richness, with newer neighborhoods supporting more species. Housing age was an important correlate of abundance for several species as well as abundance of exotic, migratory, and non-migratory species groups. Per capita income was inversely related to richness of native bird species and positively related to exotic richness. Total richness was higher in urban sites with undeveloped patches and heterogeneous land cover types; moreover, richness decreased with increasing distance from natural areas greater than 1 km². Our findings suggest that bird richness is enhanced both by small patches of natural land within the urban matrix and by close proximity to large natural preserves. Furthermore, these results suggest that investigating a combination of abiotic and environmental features of the built landscape, rather than focusing solely on environmental features, may provide a more complete understanding of the factors influencing avian diversity in human-dominated landscapes.