中国6个地方鸡品种的母系起源

通过对线粒体DNA（mtDNA）D-loop区的测序和比对,探讨了中国6个地方鸡品种的母系起源。结果表明,文昌鸡、鲁西斗鸡、寿光鸡、济宁百日鸡和莱芜黑鸡分别有5、5、5、6和7种单倍型,琅琊鸡只有3种单倍型;6个地方鸡品种聚为3个分支：分支A是1个主要分支,共有17种单倍型,有寿光鸡（10只）、鲁西斗鸡（9只）、文昌鸡（5只）、莱芜黑鸡（6只）、济宁百日鸡（6只）和琅琊鸡（2只）,分别占所分析各地方鸡品种个体数的100%、90%、84%、75%、60%和20%,与分布于老挝、云南红原鸡的3个大陆亚种（G.g.gallus、G.g.jabouile和G.g.spadi-ceus）关系较近;分支B中包含8只琅琊鸡（80%）和1只济宁百日鸡（10%）;分支C中有1只鲁西斗鸡（10%）、1只文昌鸡（16.7%）、2只莱芜黑鸡（25%）和3只济宁百日鸡（30%）;分支B和C分别与来自红原鸡G.g.gallus亚种H19单倍型和H32、H33单倍型聚在一起。推测这6个地方鸡品种分别来自云南、老挝和越南附近地区的红原鸡大陆亚种。基因流是上述品种群体间遗传分化的主要因素。错配分布和Fu＇sFs检验表明,分布于山东的5个地方鸡品种未发生群体扩张。     

纳米铜、灵芝孢子粉与大豆异黄酮对1~30日龄清远麻鸡生长、免疫及抗氧化性能的影响

本研究对比分析了饲粮中添加纳米铜、灵芝孢子粉与大豆异黄酮对育雏阶段清远麻鸡生长性能、免疫功能及抗氧化性能的影响，旨在为肉鸡生产中添加剂的开发及应用提供参考。采用单因素随机分组设计，选用1 200只1日龄清远麻鸡母鸡分成4组，对照组（CON）饲喂基础饲粮，3个处理组（NC、GLS及SI）分别在基础饲粮中添加2 500 mg/kg纳米铜、600 mg/kg灵芝孢子粉和300 mg/kg大豆异黄酮预混剂。每个处理10个重复，每个重复30只鸡，试验期30天。试验结束后，采集试验鸡血浆、空肠黏膜样品，测定血液抗氧化相关生化指标及肠道免疫因子。结果表明：与对照组相比，①饲粮添加纳米铜、灵芝孢子粉与大豆异黄酮对清远麻鸡肉仔鸡的生长性能均无显著影响（P>0.05）。②灵芝孢子粉显著提高了30日龄清远麻鸡的胸腺比例（P<0.05）。③纳米铜显著提高了清远麻鸡的空肠绒毛隐窝比（P<0.05）。④纳米铜、灵芝孢子粉与大豆异黄酮均显著增加了清远麻鸡血浆和空肠中总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）活性（P<0.05）；纳米铜显著增加了血浆谷胱甘肽过氧化氢酶（GSH-Px）活性（P<0.05）、降低了空肠黏膜丙二醛（MDA）含量（P<0.05）；大豆异黄酮显著降低血浆与空肠MDA含量（P<0.05）。⑤纳米铜组清远麻鸡空肠中免疫球蛋白A（IgA）含量显著增加（P<0.05），灵芝孢子粉组清远麻鸡血浆中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、空肠中干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）含量显著降低（P<0.05）。在本试验条件下，纳米铜、灵芝孢子粉与大豆异黄酮对清远麻鸡肉仔鸡生长性能没有显著影响，但均可改善抗氧化性能指标；纳米铜可提高空肠绒毛隐窝比，纳米铜与灵芝孢子粉可调节免疫因子分泌。其中纳米铜对抗氧化性能的调节作用最优，灵芝孢子粉对免疫功能调节作用最优。     

Practical Application of Miyazaki Jitokko Chickens Selected for a Superior Allele at a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Site in the Cholecystokinin Type A Receptor Gene

This study aimed to examine 1) whether selection for a superior allele at a single nucleotide polymorphism site (SNP; {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"AB604331","term_id":"315258605","term_text":"AB604331"}}AB604331, g.420 C>A) of the chicken cholecystokinin type A receptor (CCKAR) gene in Miyazaki Jitokko chickens is detectable in commercial poultry farms, and 2) whether the reproductive traits of the Kyushu Rhode hens, as a maternal stock line of the Miyazaki Jitokko chickens, are affected by SNP selection. Conventional and A-allele fixed (improved) Miyazaki Jitokko chicks were hatched on the same day and raised in a battery cage until 7 days of age. The chicks were then deposited at two commercial poultry farms and reared until slaughter at 126 and 163 days for cockerels and pullets, respectively. Body weight on the day of hatching (day 0), at 5 days of age, and at slaughter were measured. The differences in the body weights of the farm and test groups at slaughter were analyzed using the generalized linear model. A-allele fixation increased the body weight at slaughter by approximately +123.5 g and +131.9 g in cockerels and pullets, respectively. No significant differences between the conventional and improved hens were detected in terms of egg-laying rate, fertilization rate, and hatchability in the Kyushu Rhode hens. The data suggest that fattening chicks can be supplied as usual, even if Kyushu Rhode hens are switched from the conventional to improved type. In conclusion, genetic improvements using the CCKAR SNP site as a marker were effectively established in terms of the growth of the Miyazaki Jitokko chickens in commercial farms and the reproductive traits of the Kyushu Rhode hens.     

Dietary supplementation of essential oils and lysozyme reduces mortality and improves intestinal integrity of broiler chickens with necrotic enteritis

The objective of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of essential oils (EO; comprised of thymol and carvacrol) and lysozyme on experimental NE in broiler chickens. A total of 320 1-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to five treatment groups: no-challenge control (NC), NC + C. perfringens challenge (CC), CC + 120 mg/kg of EO, CC + 100 mg/kg of lysozyme, and CC + 120 mg/kg of EO + 100 mg/kg of lysozyme. The results showed that EO or lysozyme decreased the mortality, alleviated the gut lesions, inhibited the liver Enterobacteriaceae carriage, and increased the villus height of the ileum compared with CC (p < .05), although the proliferation of C. perfringens in the ileum was not inhibited (p > .05). Moreover, EO or lysozyme was found to decrease the ileal concentration of sialic acid and the Mucin2 mRNA expression (p < .05). However, the blend of EO and lysozyme did not display significant effect on the NE-associated mortality or gut damage in contrast with CC (p > .05). In conclusion, these findings suggest the similar protective effects of EO and lysozyme in NE-associated mortality and intestinal impairment, but their blend did not exhibit ameliorative effect.     

利用蛋白质组学筛选影响鸡孵化率的蛋黄蛋白质

为研究蛋黄中的功能蛋白对鸡胚发育的作用机制,试验以高、低孵化率母鸡为研究对象,提取两组母鸡所产蛋的蛋黄蛋白质,采用TMT标记定量技术首次对不同孵化率的鸡蛋蛋黄进行蛋白质组学分析,共鉴定到404种蛋白质,其中包含31个差异蛋白。通过查阅文献与数据库检索发现,这些差异蛋白主要具有抗菌性能、蛋白质加工、凝血及分化代谢等生物学功能。其中DNABJ11在高孵化率组显著上调(FC=+270.65,P<0.05),在调控蛋白质正确折叠方面发挥重要作用,其他蛋白WFDC2(FC=+29.14)和UMOD(FC=+4.53)参与宿主防御,过表达时有利于胚胎发育,而FOXA1(FC=-12.15)过表达时则对胚胎发育不利。研究发现了与胚胎发育密切相关的蛋黄蛋白质,对全面理解胚胎生长具有重要的生物学意义。     

鸡血糖性状的全基因组关联分析

旨在挖掘影响鸡血糖性状的有效SNP位点及功能基因，为优质肉鸡分子育种工作提供有效的理论支撑。本试验选取407只京星黄母鸡于98日龄屠宰，酚仿法提取血液DNA，进行深度为10×的全基因组重测序；葡萄糖氧化酶法测定血清中血糖水平，基于全基因组重测序和血糖表型数据进行全基因组关联分析（GWAS）。结果，GWAS共筛选到6个血糖相关的SNPs位点（关联阈值P<1.43×10^-6）。基因注释发现，rs734134177在UBE3D基因第8内含子上，其编码蛋白为泛素蛋白连接酶。该位点携带野生型（AA）个体的血糖水平极显著高于突变型（GG）个体（P<0.01）；rs794554022位于ACAD9基因下游D 93.5 kb处。ACAD9蛋白为酰基辅酶A脱氢酶家族的成员之一，是细胞线粒体中脂肪酰基辅酶A进行β-氧化过程中的限速酶。rs794554022位点携带野生型（AA）个体的血糖水平极显著低于携带突变型（CC）个体的（P<0.01）。以上位点可能是调控血糖水平的相关候选SNPs位点，这两个位点所在基因可能参与了肉鸡血糖代谢的调控过程，这些结果将为调控肉鸡血糖代谢进而改善肉品质的育种工作提供候选的分子标记，为肉鸡血糖代谢的调控提供了新的思路。     

乌蒙凤鸡肉用专门化品系选育初探

本研究旨在对不同类型乌蒙凤鸡的生长性能进行测定分析,为乌蒙凤鸡肉用专门化品系的选育奠定基础。实验测定了乌蒙凤鸡不同羽色(黄羽、麻羽)、肤色(乌骨、普通)及不同羽色与肤色的组合(黄羽普通、黄羽乌骨、麻羽普通、麻羽乌骨)4个类型鸡群4～24周龄的生长性能。结果表明:按羽色或肤色的单一性状进行划分,乌蒙凤鸡黄羽和麻羽、普通和乌骨之间生长性能差异不显著;黄羽公鸡4～16周龄生长性能显著高于麻羽公鸡;不同羽色和肤色的公鸡生长性能均高于母鸡(P<0.01);黄羽普通鸡群体生长性能高于其他类型鸡群。根据分析测定结果,建议将黄羽普通鸡作为乌蒙凤鸡肉用专门化品系选育的候选类型。     

Population pharmacokinetics of ethanamizuril in normal and coccidiosis-infected chickens through ultra-performance liquid chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Ethanamizuril is a new triazine compound that shows potential for application in novel anticoccidial treatment. In this study, a pharmacokinetic model of ethanamizuril was established on the basis of the blood concentration of 81 experimental animals. The final model showed that ethanamizuril was distributed as a two-compartment model with first-order absorption after oral administration in chickens. Its clearance rate and volumn of central compartment distribution (V_c) were affected by age and body weight, and volumn of central compartment distribution (V_c) and volume of peripheral compartment distribution(V_p) were influenced by weight and infection. External verification revealed that the model had good prediction accuracy and stability.     

Age-related intestinal monosaccharides transporters expression and villus surface area increase in broiler and layer chickens

In the chicken small intestine, glucose is mainly transported by the apically located sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and the basolaterally located glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). Fructose is transported by the apically located glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5) and similarly by GLUT2. During the early post-hatching period, the intestinal villus surface area (VSA) should be considered as an important factor related to the monosaccharide absorption capacity. Our objective here was to study intestinal monosaccharide absorption by analyzing the effects of age, diet, and breed on monosaccharide transporters and the VSA. The mRNA expression patterns of SGLT1, GLUT2 and GLUT5 genes in broiler and layer chickens were measured from the day of hatching to day 28 using the absolute quantitative real-time PCR. Both the intestinal mRNA expression levels of these genes and the VSA were affected by age. The mRNA expression levels of SGLT1 and GLUT2 were significantly increased from day 1 to day 3 and then decreased from day 3 to day 28. The expression levels of GLUT5 decreased from day 1 to day 7. The broiler chickens VSAs were significantly larger than those of the layer chickens from days 7 to 28. The effect of diet on the gene expression patterns of these monosaccharide transporters and the VSA were not significant. Our results suggest that the expression levels of these monosaccharide transporters are increased rapidly at the beginning of intestinal growth to meet the demands for monosaccharides to support the fast growth of the chick before day 7. As intestinal maturation and VSA increased, the expression levels of these monosaccharide genes decreased to a certain expression level to maintain the intestinal transport capacity and the absorption balance of all other nutrients.     

乳酸杆菌和囊素三肽对肉鸡生产性能、血清生化指标及免疫功能的影响

为研究乳酸杆菌和囊素三肽对肉鸡生产性能、血清生化指标及免疫功能的影响,采用日粮中添加乳酸杆菌和肌肉注射囊素三肽的方法,将156只1日龄肉鸡随机分为4个组,Ⅰ组为对照组,Ⅱ组为囊素三肽组,Ⅲ组为乳酸杆菌组,Ⅳ组为囊素三肽+乳酸杆菌组,试验期为42d。结果显示:1)21日龄,乳酸杆菌和囊素三肽显著增加了肉鸡平均日增重,降低了料重比(P0.05);2)42日龄,乳酸杆菌和囊素三肽显著降低了血清甘油三酯浓度(P0.05);3)42日龄,乳酸杆菌和囊素三肽显著促进外周血T淋巴细胞增值转化(P0.05),囊素三肽的注射显著提高了饲喂添加乳酸杆菌日粮的肉鸡血清总免疫球蛋白G含量(P0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加乳酸杆菌和肌肉注射囊素三肽在一定程度上能改善肉鸡生产性能,显著提高免疫功能。