TMR中物理有效中性洗涤纤维对奶牛产奶性能的影响

本文旨在研究不同物理有效中性洗涤纤维水平的TMR日粮对奶牛瘤胃消化性能的影响。选取3头体重为（650±10）kg的荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,三种试验日粮精料补充料完全相同,粗饲料由长度不同的玉米青贮和羊草配制而成的三种peNDF水平的日粮,即I组（长度为5cm-7cm）、II组（长度为3cm-5cm）、III组（长度为1cm-2cm）。试验分三期,每期试验共17天。试验结果表明：随着物理有效中性洗涤纤维含量的增加,I组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组的产奶量差异不显著,I组、Ⅱ组的乳脂率与4％标准乳显著高于Ⅲ组,I组与Ⅱ组之间差异不显著。结果显示,荷斯坦奶牛TMR日粮中不同物理有效中性洗涤纤维的含量对奶牛的产奶量影响不大,但是会影响到奶牛的乳脂率及4％标准乳的含量,综合本试验结果建议奶牛TMR日粮中粗饲料的长度在3cm-5cm较为适宜。     

荷斯坦母牛TLR6基因多态性及其与体细胞评分关系的研究

本研究旨在阐明Toll样受体6(TLR6)基因的多态性与荷斯坦母牛乳房炎抗性之间的关系.采用PCR-SSCP和PCR-RFLP技术检测208头荷斯坦母牛TLR6基因多态性,用最小二乘法分析该基因多态性与荷斯坦母牛钵细胞评分(somatic cell score,SCS)的关系.结果发现,TLR6基因mRNA序列中存在T853A、G855A、G1793A、C1859A、G1934A和A1980G 6个多态位点,其中T853A突变使编码氨基酸由缬氨酸变为谷氨酸,G855A突变使天冬氨酸变为天冬酰胺,A1980G突变使异亮氨酸变为缬氨酸.T853A和G855A突变位点经SSCP检测发现3种基因型AA、AB和BB,其频率分别为0.308、0.490和0.202;X~2检验表明荷斯坦母牛在该位点处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡;BB基因型SCS最小二乘均值极显著低于AB和AA基因型所对应的值(P<0.01);AB基因型SCS最小二乘均值极显著低于AA基因型所对应的值(P<0.01).G1793A突变位点经BsiY Ⅰ酶切产生2种基因型CC和CD,其频率分别为0.332和0.668;荷斯坦母牛在该位点偏离了Hardy-Weinberg平衡,CC和CD基因型SCS最小二乘均值差异不显著(P>0.05).C1859A突变位点经BstX Ⅰ酶切产生2种基因型EE和EF,其频率分别为0.178和0.822;荷斯坦母牛在该位点偏离了Hardy-Weinberg平衡;EE和EF基因型SCS最小二乘均值差异不显著(P>0.05).G1934A突变位点经BsiY Ⅰ酶切产生2种基因型GG和GH,其频率分别为0.356和0.644;荷斯坦母牛在该位点偏离了Hardy-Weinberg平衡;GG和GH基因型SCS最小二乘均值差异不显著(P>0.05).A1980G突变位点经Bcl Ⅰ酶切产生3种基因型II、IJ和JJ,其频率分别为0.260、0.567和0.173,荷斯坦母牛在该位点处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡;JJ基因型SCS最小二乘均值极显著低于IJ和II基因型所对应的值(P<0.01);IJ基因型SCS最小二乘均值极显著低于II基因型所对应的值(P<0.01).对于奶牛乳房炎抗性,BB和JJ是有利基因型,AA和II是不利基因型.本研究结果初步表明TLR6基因T853A和G855A突变位点的B等位基因以及A1980G突变位点的J等位基因是提高奶牛乳房炎抗性的2个潜在的DNA标记.     

Farm management factors associated with bulk tank total bacterial count in Irish dairy herds during 2006/07

Research has shown that total bacterial count (TBC), which is the bacterial growth per ml of milk over a fixed period of time, can be decreased by good hygiene and farm management practices. The objective of the current study was to quantify the associations between herd management factors and bulk tank TBC in Irish spring calving, grass-based dairy herds. The relationship between bulk tank TBC and farm management and infrastructure was examined using data from 400 randomly selected Irish dairy farms where the basal diet was grazed grass. Herd management factors associated with bulk tank TBC were identified using linear models with herd annual total bacterial score (i.e., arithmetic mean of the natural logarithm of bulk tank TBC) included as the dependent variable. All herd management factors were individually analysed in a separate regression model, that included an adjustment for geographical location of the farm. A multiple stepwise regression model was subsequently developed. Median bulk tank TBC for the sample herds was 18,483 cells/ml ranging from 10,441 to 130,458 cells/ml. Results from the multivariate analysis indicated that the following management practices were associated with low TBC; use of heated water in the milking parlour; participation in a milk recording scheme; and tail clipping of cows at a frequency greater than once per year. Increased level of hygiene of the parlour and cubicles were also associated with lower TBC. Herd management factors associated with bulk tank TBC in Irish grazing herds were generally in agreement with most previous studies from confinement systems of milk production.     

Effects of 12 hour calf withdrawal on conception rate and calf performance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bos indicus</Emphasis> cattle under extensive conditions

Fifty-two multiparous Brahman type cows with reproductive tract scoring (RTS) ≥4 at 45 days post-partum were randomly assigned to two groups of 26 cows each separated into an ad libitum suckling group (C) and treatment group (T). Calves in the T group were separated for 12 h during the night from 45 days post-partum to the onset of the breeding season. Body condition score (BCS) and body weight (BW) were recorded 45 days post-partum, at the start of the breeding season, and at pregnancy diagnosis. Calves were weighed at calving and weaning. Weaning weights were corrected to 205 days. BW and BCS at the onset of the breeding season were similar (p > 0.05) between the experimental groups. Calving to breeding intervals were 93 ± 18 d and 99 ± 22 d for T and C groups, respectively. Calving to conception intervals differed significantly between the groups (111 ± 10 d for T and 133 ± 19 d for C) and a similar result was obtained for the breeding to conception intervals (18 ± 15 d for T and 31 ± 19 d for C). Conception rates were 80% for the T group and 59% for the C group, which correlated better with BW than BCS at the onset of the breeding season. Weaning weights differed (p < 0.05) between C and T groups. From 45 days post-partum to the onset of the breeding season, cows in the T group experienced a positive energy balance (3%) while those in the C group had a negative energy balance (-0.1%). It was concluded that 12 h calf separation at night increases the conception rates and improves the calf weaning weights of Bos indicus beef cattle under extensive production systems in sub-tropical conditions.     

Effect of cattle management practices on raw milk quality on farms operating in a two-stage dairy chain

In many developing countries, milk production varies greatly according to farm size, cattle breed, and milking practices. However, production systems often are dominated by smallholder farms. Therefore, relatively small volumes of milk are delivered daily from numerous farms to intermediate cooperatives which supply industrial units. This paper argues that in such two-stage dairy chains, milk quality could be improved by focusing on farming practices rather than on the testing of individual deliveries. Indeed, it is difficult to analyze their quality due to technical, economic, and logistic limitations. The objective of this study is to link on-farm practices with milk chemical quality parameters (fat and protein) and hygienic quality criteria (Aerobic Plate Count, APC and Coliforms). Cattle management practices were monitored monthly over one year on 23 farms located on an irrigation scheme in Morocco. 276 milk samples were analyzed. The monthly variability of milk quality parameters was then characterized. Results show that average cow milk chemical parameters vary within a normal range. They remain primarily linked to the genetic type of cows, the lactation stage, and the conversion of feed concentrates’ net energy into milk. Overall milk hygienic quality was poor (APC and Coliforms counts were 100 fold international norms), due essentially to a lack of hygiene and inadequate milking conditions (hands, udder, and teat washing, type of bucket used, dirtiness of cows...). It is suggested that a close monitoring of herd management practices may allow the indirect control of milk quality parameters, thereby avoiding costly analyses of numerous smallholder milk deliveries.     

健康奶牛生殖道乳酸茵的分离鉴定及生物学特性

通过MRS琼脂培养基厌氧培养技术,从产后7 d~60 d健康母牛子宫分泌物中分离得到7株乳酸菌,经生化试验鉴定2株为短乳杆菌,3株为海氏肠球菌,2株棉子糖肠球菌。生长曲线及产酸性能测定结果显示,所分离到的乳酸菌在培养2 h~4 h进入对数生长期,6 h~16 h进入生长稳定期;乳酸菌培养液在24 h内的pH由5.96~6.24下降为3.71~4.10。试验结果表明,所分离到的乳酸菌生长性能好、菌体密度高、产酸性能强,是一种有潜质的有益菌菌株。     

西藏农区牛主要物质和能量代谢

为从主要物质和能量代谢方面揭示高海拔引起牛生产性能低下的问题,利用实地测试取样,对西藏农区14头牛的N平衡、能量物质、主要常量元素、微量元素、FHP、ADE、AME、P沉积、MEm、日增重(ADG)等代谢指标进行了分析.依据我国常规标准,大部分物质代谢值都在正常或较高的范围内,但P的沉积量较少,仅为0.090 1 g/(W0.75·d)±0.075 0 g/(W0.75·d),不及成牛需要量的1/3.FHP按Brouwer方程计算后,发现AME和FHP+EADG(体增重能耗)+ECH4(肠道内气体能)之差较大,平均值273.585 8 kcal/(W0.75·d).结果提示,西藏农区牛对P的摄入严重不足,同时AME-(FHP+EADG+ECH4)差值较大,这部分能量极有可能与高原环境物质无氧酵解或供能分解不完全有关, Brouwer方程对高海拔地区FHP的计算应进行修正.     

Factors affecting the transfer of immunoglobulin G1 into the milk of Holstein cows

Immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 concentrations in milk from Holstein cows was measured to determine if transfer and concentration was influenced by production factors (lactation number, stage of lactation, daily milk production), milk composition (milk fat, protein, lactose, and total solids content) or by serum IgG1 concentration. Two hundred and ninety-nine Chinese Holstein cows were randomly selected from four herds containing a total of more than 1600 lactating animals. The concentration of IgG1 in the milk and serum was determined by ELISA.Milk IgG1 concentrations varied between 0.030 and 0.614 mg/mL and significantly correlated with lactation number, stage of lactation, daily milk production and somatic cell count. The IgG1 mass was found to highly correlate with lactation number, stage of lactation, daily milk production and milk protein content. Lactation number had the highest positive direct relationship with IgG1 concentration.     

The effects of inclusion levels of urea-treated potato pulp silage in concentrate and roughage sources on finishing performance and carcass quality in cull beef cows

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of inclusion levels of potato pulp silage in concentrate (0, 15, 30 or 45%; on a dry matter basis) and roughage sources (rice straw or wheat straw) on finishing performance and carcass quality of cull beef cows. Sixteen Japanese Black (Wagyu) mature cull cows (490 ± 31 kg of BW) were used in this experiment. Increasing the levels of potato pulp silage in concentrate and roughage sources did not significantly affect feed intake in cows. In addition, the final body weight, daily gain and feed : gain ratio were not influenced by the inclusion levels of potato pulp silage in concentrate and the type of roughage. Increasing the inclusion levels of potato pulp silage in concentrate would probably decrease the marbling score. The L* values of the longissimus muscle (LM) tended to respond quadratically ( P  = 0.078) as the inclusion levels of potato pulp silage in concentrate increased, and was lowest for cows fed the concentrate which included 30% potato pulp silage. The a* and b* values of the LM and fat color were not affected by the inclusion levels of potato pulp silage in concentrate. No effects of roughage sources on finishing performance were observed.     

Effects of herbage intake on goat performance in the mediterranean type natural pastures

This study aimed at identifying changes in natural pastures during the grazing season and investigating the effects of these changes on pasture feeding potential for high yielding dairy goats. During the study, 12 dairy goats were grazed on a 1.5 ha natural pasture for three months from April to June in 2003, 2004 and 2005. The goats were fed 0.5 kg/day of concentrate as a supplement during the grazing season. Botanical composition, herbage production and intake, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of the pasture were determined. Live weight, milk yield, milk dry matter (DM) and fat content of the goats were monitored. The data were analyzed using a linear model, which evaluated the effects of grazing seasons in each year. Based on the three-year average, 87% of pasture was herbaceous plants and the remaining was shrubs in DM basis with Cistus creticus , Quercus ithaburensis , Pistacia atlantica and Asparagus acutifolius being the major shrub species. The herbage yield in June was significantly lower than in other months in all years ( P  = 0.001). In all experimental years, the CP content of the pasture decreased but the structural carbohydrates increased as the grazing season proceeded. While live weight was not affected by grazing periods except for 2004 ( P  = 0.001), milk yield significantly decreased with advancing grazing period ( P  = 0.001). The results of the present study indicate that natural pasture has a supportive effect in April and May on the milk yield of lactating goats which are in mid-lactation, and suggested that supplementary feeding is required in consecutive grazing periods.