《史记》的“好奇”与“成一家之言”关系探颐

《史记》中的奇言、奇行、奇人、奇事,可谓是俯拾即是,人们对这些现象的研究,往往也只是停留在表象上的概括总结,而忽略了产生该现象的深层次原因——"成一家之言"的推动。本文拟从《史记》的体例建构;素材剪辑;人物选择;人物塑造四个方面来讨论一下这个问题。     

历史时期(着重近4kaB.P.以来)南疆地区气候环境与人地关系演化的初步研究

南疆地区近四千年来气候与环境演化的研究表明 ,本地区气候环境的干旱状况持续未变 ,但期间仍有若干次相对凉湿与暖干旱时期的波动 ,且揭示出 3 .0 ka B.P.、2 .0 ka B.P.、1.5 ka B.P.、1.0 ka B.P.、0 .2 ka B.P.五个气候突变转干时间界线。本研究揭示了近四千年来本地区持续干旱化的特征 ,并有后期加剧的趋势 ,并指出历史时期南疆地区若干人文事件的发生如近两千年以来丝绸之路的兴衰、南疆古城镇的废弃等与气候环境演化之间存在着良好的准对应关系 ,表明气候环境的自然演化是影响人地关系类型与内容的重要因素之一。     

Designing cropping systems for efficient use of limited water in southern Australia

There has been continuous change in the systems of cereal production in southern Australia where the climate is semi-arid with moderately wet winters and hot dry summers. At the outset wheat (c. 1840) was grown in continuous culture as the land was gradually cleared for cropping, but yields declined to uneconomic levels by 1900. That system was then replaced with fallow-wheat rotations, and using phosphorus fertilizer, yields recovered, but not to the original level. From 1945, the high profitability of sheep production encouraged improvement of legume-based pastures and the introduction of pasture-crop sequences – ley-farming. Productivity was greatly increased and the yield of wheat crops regained the original level. But such were the rates of acidification and salinization of soil that reduced productivity and, in the case of salinity, reduced stream quality and threatened adjacent natural ecosystems. This ley-farming system was used until the late 1980s when prices for wool fell dramatically, and farmers reduced sheep numbers and intensified cropping. The thrust since then has been to design cropping systems that are economically as well as environmentally acceptable with salinity control as the major objective. There is now a search for systems that use more water to reduce drainage through the soil and lower saline water tables. A major contribution is the much restricted use of fallow but summer active plants are also required to provide a soil water storage buffer to retain autumn–winter rainfall. New systems under evaluation include herbaceous perennials such as lucerne that are readily integrated into a crop-livestock system and agroforestry combinations with various trees. The design and appropriate distribution of the new systems is aided by remote sensing techniques to locate areas of saline discharge and linkages to zones of groundwater recharge, geographical information systems to arrange the data for land system analysis, and computer models of crops and cropping systems. There is a substantial challenge for farmers, agronomists and others to identify and assess suitable new systems and to bring the public into the debate and into the solution.     

Type-specific reference conditions of fluvial landscapes: A search in the past by 3D-reconstruction

River/floodplain restoration programs are often based on type-specific reference conditions of the respective river section. Most large rivers in the industrialized world are heavily degraded and lack near-natural reference sites. For that reason, historical analyses of the pre-channelization state have been used to define adequate restoration targets at the Austrian Danube section in the Alluvial Zone National Park downstream from Vienna. This study compares new reference data derived from 3D-reconstructions in the form of digital terrain models from two historical Danube river landscapes: the Machland floodplain in 1812 and the former floodplain in Vienna in 1849. The focus is on the original hydrological surface and subsurface connectivity of the river-floodplain systems related to different flow situations. Here, we use water cover, shorelines, depth of the groundwater table and inundation depth as surrogates for measuring connectivity. The results show that the two study sites naturally constituted extreme formations of the Austrian anabranching Danube sections. The Machland section was one of the narrowest floodplains but highly dynamic, and the Vienna/Lobau section was one of the broadest, whereby only the central part close to the main channel originally showed high morphological turnover. The analyses of hydrological surface connectivity relative to total floodplain extension reveal significant differences due to their basic geological and geographical conditions. Despite these basic differences, both study sites – in absolute numbers – showed similar extensions of the water bodies at low and mean flow. The depths of the groundwater table related to mean flow were also comparable. Prior to channelization, the groundwater conditions in both floodplains favored the formation of wet to moist alluvial forest communities.     

STUDY ON A RELIABILITY OF SHEAR-TYPESTRUCTURE UNOER EFFECTS OF RARE EARTHQUAKES

Through a logarithm normal distribution to draw a nonlinear responese maxi-mum value distribtuion,this paper dissctisses a reliability of eartquake resistant structure under ef-fects of rare earthquakes.     

Land use history and historical soil erosion at Albersdorf (northern Germany) — Ceased agricultural land use after the pre-historical period

The Holocene landscape history and historical soil erosion were reconstructed at Albersdorf (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany) from soils and colluvial layers. In contrast to many landscapes in central Europe, agricultural land use and soil erosion were more frequent during pre-historical times, whereas it has almost ceased after the advent of history. Pre-historical soil erosion rates from about 0.1 to 6.9 t ha^− 1 a^− 1 were reconstructed with no significant differences between the prehistoric cultural phases. The study of buried soils within the soil/soil-sediment-sequences provided evidence for an acceleration of soil formation processes probably as a consequence of excessive prehistoric woodland pasture on poor sandy soils.     

基于成土环境地理邻域分析的历史土壤图训练样本筛选

基于历史土壤图的知识挖掘和历史图更新对土壤资源调查、管理和利用有着重要的现实意义,而从历史土壤图中筛选代表性训练样本是进行知识挖掘和历史土壤图更新的关键步骤。以安徽省旌德县为研究区,提出一种新的土壤图训练样本筛选方法,包括样本数量确定和样本位置筛选。研究结果表明,面积分段线性缩放法确定的样本数量解决了已有研究未考虑同一类型多个图斑单元间样本数量分配的问题;采用邻域分析方法确定样本位置,当图斑位于地势平缓的区域时,基于高程因子和坡度因子确定的样本空间分布差异较小,而当图斑位于山区时,基于坡度因子确定的样本处于地形变化稳定的位置,全局代表性更高。通过与已有研究中环境因子直方图方法筛选样本进行对比,邻域分析方法确定的样本具有更高的差异比例和标准差,样本信息量更大。基于坡度因子采用邻域分析方法筛选出的图斑样本较高程因子样本拥有更高的全局空间代表性,邻域分析方法筛选的样本较相关研究中环境因子直方图方法筛选的样本拥有更高的信息量。     

基于知识图谱分析的土壤氮循环功能基因研究进展

土壤氮循环功能基因广泛地参与包括固氮、氨化以及硝化和反硝化作用等一系列生态过程,是氮素生物地球化学循环的关键组成部分,在很大程度上影响土壤生产力、全球环境变化以及碳中和可持续发展。近几十年来,分子生物学和微生态学技术的快速发展极大地促进了与土壤氮循环密切相关的功能基因以及其功能微生物群落特征等方面的研究。本研究利用检索自Web of Science数据库中2001—2020年期间土壤氮循环功能基因相关文献,结合R语言科学知识图谱分析方法,从发文量、高被引论文、高频关键词及历史直接引文等方面对土壤氮循环功能基因研究现状进行了系统分析,并总结了土壤氮循环功能基因领域的研究动态、热点和发展趋势。结果表明：1）应用分子生物学技术挖掘土壤氮循环相关微生物功能基因及群落结构探索土壤氮循环的微生物学机制,是当前土壤氮循环研究领域的热点及切入点。2）土壤氮循环功能基因研究主要集中于3个方面：(1)利用宏基因组学等技术对土壤氮循环相关的功能基因进行筛选、识别和注释,从而发现新的微生物功能基因序列、更新引物数据库等;(2)环境因子及管理措施对土壤氮循环相关微生物指标的影响;(3)利用功能基因丰度表征土壤氮...     

汶川震区滑坡堆积体体积三维激光扫描仪测量与计算方法

2008年5.12汶川8级地震形成的大量松散滑坡堆积体,破坏农用地,损毁农田基础设施,对震区农业经济造成重大损失,严重威胁震区农业生产安全。本研究所选震区典型滑坡堆积体位于汶川县草坡乡,采用三维激光扫描仪实地测量滑坡堆积体,构建滑坡堆积体几何模型,计算滑坡堆积体体积。扫描仪到滑坡堆积体前、后缘的距离分别为25.74和79.00 m,距离扫描仪200 m处的扫描精度为20.0 cm×20.0 cm。根据扫描得到的滑坡堆积体点云数据,采用特征值法拟合近似滑坡堆积体的坡面、滑动面,构建滑坡堆积体几何模型。计算得到该滑坡堆积体体积为19 018 m3。建立了使用三维激光扫描仪测量和计算滑坡堆积体体积的方法。这种测量与计算方法可为地震受损农用地灾后的土地整理提供重要依据。     

塔里木河上游段胡杨林历史演变及原因分析

通过遥感、地理信息系统及现场调查的方法,对塔里木河上游段沙雅县1989年和2009年2期卫星影像进行遥感解译,从面积、空间格局、林分质量等角度,分析了沙雅县胡杨林20年的演变情况,查找了演变的原因,并据此提出了胡杨林的保护措施。