弹塑性反应谱的比较及其应用

等延性强度需求谱常用于结构需求曲线的建立．分析了等延性强度需求谱和等强度延性需求谱在概念上和计算方面的区别，表明改进能力谱法中由等延性强度需求谱反求结构的延性需求会不可避免地带来误差，建议直接采用等强度延性需求谱来计算结构的延性系数、算例分析表明，该法可以简单、有效地估计出结构在地震作用下的顶点位移需求，从而为结构的抗震性能评估提供依据．     

六安瓜片绿色名茶可持续开发研究

历史名茶—六安瓜片被列为中国十大经典绿茶之一，是与其独特的生长环境、制作工艺和优良的品质分不开的。目前，六安瓜片开发在取得初步成就的同时，也存在着质量标准难以控制、生产成本偏高、品牌保护力度不够等问题。因此，必须改进六安瓜片的生产工艺，降低其生产成本，全面实施无公害茶目标，扶持龙头企业，打造知名特色品牌，才能确保六安瓜片绿色名茶的可持续发展。     

Time and scale of gully erosion in the Jedliczny Dol gully system, south-east Poland

Key catchments of the Roztocze loess area in south-east Poland have a great potential of revealing the history of long-term soil erosion and changes in land use. The knowledge of how and when soil erosion took place in the past helps one understand the impact of land use changes on the landscapes [Bork, H.-R., 1989. Soil erosion during the past Millennium in Central Europe and its significance within the geomorphodynamics of the Holocene. Catena 15, 121–131]. The Jedliczny Dol gully system near the town Zwierzyniec in south-east Poland was investigated by using detailed field stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating of charcoal and wood.In connection with new settlements which were established between the 14th and 16th centuries, arable land was cultivated and forests were used much more intensively. As a consequence, the loess soils were strongly eroded during heavy rainfalls. Up to 4 m of colluvial sediments were deposited in the gully system during the 15th and/or 16th centuries. The thickness of the colluvial sediments indicate severe erosion which might be related to excessive timber exploitation for the local glass and iron production. With the foundation of the so-called Ordinariat Zamoyski at the end of the 16th century, some parts of the area were presumably reforested. High pressure on the land at the beginning of the 19th century enabled a second main phase of gulling before 1900.Since 1890 at the latest, almost the whole catchment is used as a forest, however, concentrated runoff on compacted forest roads can still be high after heavy rainfalls.In loess areas soil erosion caused by intensive land use, triggered by heavy rainfalls, can change the landscape drastically. These changes will continue to influence how catchments react, even if land use gets less intensive again. This knowledge should be considered regarding future, sustainable land use and recent changes in land use in the south-eastern Polish loess regions.     

Crossing the thresholds: human ecology and historical patterns of landscape degradation

In discussions of landscape sensitivity, human activities have generally been regarded as external forces contributing to landscape change, with a focus on the impacts of cultivation methods, fertiliser practices, grazing pressures and atmospheric pollution. However, there has been comparatively little study undertaken that integrates physical and social systems in a historic context to explain the basis of human activity in sensitive landscapes. Where such attempts have been made, the manner of common land management has figured prominently, with ‘tragedy of the commons’ concepts used to explain land degradation and to provide a foundation for policy response. This has also been the case in Southern Iceland and in this paper we assess the extent to which common land domestic grazing pressures were the primary external force causing soil erosion and land degradation during the period of occupation from ca. 874 AD. We first provide field observation of soil erosion, temporally defined by tephrochronology, to highlight the extent of land degradation during this period. The ‘tragedy of the commons’ explanation of degradation is then assessed by evaluating historic documentary sources, and by environmental reconstruction and modeling of historic grazing pressures. These analyses indicate that regulatory mechanisms were in place to prevent overgrazing from at least the 1200s AD and suggest that there was sufficient biomass to support the numbers of domestic livestock indicated from historic sources. We suggest that failure to remove domestic livestock before the end of the growing season and an absence of shepherding were more likely to contribute to land degradation than absolute numbers. Lack of appropriate regulation of domestic livestock on common grazing areas can be attributed to limited cultural knowledge of changing and rapidly fluctuating environmental conditions.     

历史时期西北地区季节性灾害对农业技术选择的影响

为了降低灾害风险,有效控制自然灾害的发生发展,历史时期西北地区在长期的农业生产实践中选择了一系列行之有效的技术措施进行防灾、抗灾和减灾,对促进西北地区社会经济发展起到了重要的作用。研究历史时期的农业减灾技术对于当今的抗灾减灾仍有借鉴意义。     

城市广场发展中的隐喻演变研究

通过对广场历史发展的研究,分析了4个广场的案例,得出了隐喻的5个不同时期的演变:民主政治的隐喻、帝王君权的隐喻、宗教神权的隐喻、人文精神的隐喻、历史文脉的隐喻.认为历史延续性和社会适应性是城市广场隐喻演变的两大特性.     

论科研档案在史志编纂中的应用

科研档案是在科研活动过程中直接积累的各类具有保存价值的科研成果和有关科研方面的文件,它具有为实际研究提供理论依据和参考价值以及作为史料的保存价值。笔者通过科研档案的特点分析,阐述了其重要史料价值及在史志编撰中的具体应用价值。     

来安花红品种特性及发展状况

JIN Le-zhong(Laian Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Laian,Anhui 239200)     

The Landscape Style and Features of Historical and Cultural Blocks in Handan,Hebei Province,China

The landscape style and features of historical and cultural blocks in Handan show the landscape characteristics of Handan in the specific cultural and historical period.To explore the landscape style and features of historical and cultural blocks in Handan is of great practical significance to maintain the characteristics of historical and cultural blocks,improve city quality,continue city culture and retain cultural characteristics.According to the advantaged natural geography,human geography factors and the current situation of landscape style and features in Handan City,this study discussed the landscape style and features of historical and cultural blocks through practical investigation and scientific research,found out the main problems and put forward corresponding protection and promotion strategies,in order to create a landscape pattern of historical and cultural blocks with cultural connotation,harmony and order,and distinctive characteristics.     

How do urban forests with different land use histories influence soil organic carbon?

Urban forests play a vital role in building soil organic carbon pools in urban areas. In many cases, urban forests are constructed on land previously used for agriculture, parks, or buildings. However, it is still being determined whether historical land use affects soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in these forests. In this study, we asked: 1) How are SOC and its labile fractions (LOC) in urban forests affected by historical land use? and 2) How do SOC and LOC vary with time and vegetation type in urban forests built on land with different histories? We collected soil samples at three soil depths, 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm, in 48 evergreen and 77 deciduous forest plots in 77 parks in Beijing, all built within the last 30 years. Plots represent two historical land use types, vegetated or non-vegetated, and three planting time classes, young (5–10 years), intermediate (11–20 years), and old (21–30 years). Our findings showed that there were significant differences between historical land use types in SOC and microbial organic carbon (MBC), this may be due to backfill soil before greening on non-vegetated land. Urban forests that were built on vegetated land accumulated SOC over time, while those on historically non-vegetated land did not. Evergreen forests had greater SOC and LOC than deciduous forests only on historically non-vegetated land. In addition, SOC and LOC were found to be negatively affected by increased soil bulk density. However, soil bulk density was not significantly different between both historical land use types and urban forest types. Overall, our study indicates that if SOC sequestration is a high priority in urban forests, cities could concentrate on more efficient management to increase SOC, such as soil rehabilitation and the use of evergreen tree species.