南京紫金山地区野生真菌资源调查名录

紫金山 (又名钟山) 是我国长江下游宁镇丘陵地区的重要风景林区, 其间也生长着许多颇有经济价值的可食用、药用和有毒真菌正有待开发。从1988 年起, 作者从紫金山陆续采集到260 号标本, 经鉴定分类, 其中属于子囊菌亚门的有6 个属6 个种; 担子菌亚门的有61个属144 个种; 有61 个种在江苏省首次发现。     

温度和PH值对节丛孢属食线虫真菌生长的影响观察

对ｐＨ值和温度对节丛孢属食线虫真菌生长的影响进行了观测,结果表明,节丛孢属食线虫真菌在ｐＨ５．０～８．０之间均能够生长,但ｐＨ６．０～６．５时,生长最佳,真菌在１０～３０℃时均能生长,５℃和３５℃时则基本停止生长,真菌在２０～２５℃激发,生长最佳。     

Effects of pavements on diversity and activity of mycorrhizal symbionts associated with urban trees

This study investigated the impact of different types of soil sealing on the communities of a group of beneficial plant symbionts, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), colonizing the roots of two shade trees, Celtis australis and Fraxinus ornus, frequently grown in urbanized sites. Such plants were grown in an experimental site, in northern Italy, established in November 2011 and subjected to four different pavement treatments: impermeable monolithic asphalt, permeable pavers, permeable concrete and unpaved soil. The diversity and composition of root AMF communities were assessed by PCR denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis of partial 18S rRNA gene, AMF taxa were identified by amplicon sequencing and mycorrhizal colonization was evaluated after root clearing and staining. For the first time, our molecular work revealed that impermeable pavements induced shifts in the composition of AMF communities associated to the roots of C. australis and F. ornus and impacted on the percentage of mycorrhizal root length. When the root-zone was covered with permeable pavements, a similar AMF community as that observed in the unpaved soil was detected, providing novel information to be utilised for reducing the disturbance caused by specific types of soil sealing on AMF symbionts, which play a key role in plant nutrition and health. A total of 45 AMF sequence types were detected, with Sclerocystis and Septoglomus as the most abundant phylotypes, accounting for 84% of the sequences. The predominance of Sclerocystis species in the roots of both tree species under impermeable pavements indicated their high and unforeseen tolerance towards harsh environmental conditions. Such species could be utilized as AMF inocula specifically selected for their proven resilience in paved sites, in order to exploit their ability to boost biogeochemical processes fundamental for energy fluxes and plant nutrition and health.     

厌氧真菌系统发育分类及多样性研究进展

厌氧真菌[新毛孢菌门(Neocallimastigomycota)]是哺乳草食动物消化道内常见的微生物之一,在木质纤维性饲料原料的降解过程中起着至关重要的作用。了解厌氧真菌个体间的系统发育关系对于进一步了解它们的进化史,以及驱动它们在不同类型宿主内部及之间的生态位专门化的因素等方面至关重要。本文从系统发育分类学发展史、低等级的分类学多样性及相关分子层面的研究方法对近年来有关厌氧真菌系统发育分类及多样性的研究进行了概述,以期对相关的研究工作提供一定的参考和帮助。     

加强网络教学促进高等教育现代化

本文从网络教学的重要性及网络教学的模式分别进行了分析,随后剖析了当前网络教学存在的局限性及要注意的的问题。     

Mycoflora of the 'green water' culture system of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius

This study was conducted to quantify and characterize the mycoflora associated with the ‘green water’ culture system of Penaeus monodon. Samples of water, tilapia gut and mucus, and shrimp hepatopancreas from three shrimp farms were collected during 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of culture (DOC). Results showed that high fungal loads were observed in tilapia gut (total: 117–1352 colony forming unit (CFU) 5 cm hind gut^?1; yeasts: 0–136 CFU 5 cm hind gut^?1) and mucus (total: 12–311 CFU (5 cm²)^?1; yeasts: 0–88 CFU (5 cm²)^?1), while minimal fungal populations were observed in water samples (total: 0–110CFU mL^?1; yeasts: 0–5 CFU ml^?1). Shrimp hepatopancreas harboured a very low number of filamentous fungi (0–27 CFU 0.1 g^?1) and yeasts (0–7CFU 0.1 g^?1) especially at 60 DOC. The filamentous fungal isolates were dominated by Penicillium and Aspergillus species, while the yeast populations were dominated by Rhodotorula and Saccharomyces species. The dominance of these fungi on tilapia mucus and gut and their presence in the rearing water might play an important role in the overall mechanisms involved in the control of luminous Vibrio in the ‘green water’ grow‐out culture of P. monodon.     

白腐菌预处理对丙酸蒸解玉米芯制备纤维素的影响

探讨了白腐菌预处理对丙酸蒸解法制取纤维素的影响.在白腐菌对玉米芯进行预处理过程中,赖锰过氧化物酶(MnP)、木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)、漆酶、木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的酶活分别在第5、 6、 7、 10和 15 d 达到最高值,分别为1.326、 10.25、 0.062 7、 0.33和 403 U/g.利用响应面分析法确定丙酸蒸解玉米芯最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶ 10(g∶ mL),蒸解时间 70 min,丙酸质量浓度 900 g/L,产物中纤维素的质量分数为 91.09%.玉米芯经白腐菌预处理 10 d 后再用丙酸进行蒸解处理,产物中纤维素的质量分数和保留率分别为 97.12% 和 94.70%,而半纤维素和木质素的质量分数仅为 0.96% 和 0.92%.     

园艺作物菌根及其在生态农业的应用

园艺作物经济价值较高，习惯于苗圃或营养钵育苗，是丛枝菌根（AM）真菌应用的先锋作物，在AM真菌应用过程中具有示范推广作用而受到普遍关注。简介了园艺作物菌根资源、生态及AM真菌促进作物对水分与养分的吸收利用、提高其抗旱性和抗病性、增加产量和改善品质的效应；阐述了农业生产中菌根在园艺作物的应用现状与前景，指出接种AM真菌将成为新世纪生态农业的重要生物技术之一，在发展无公害绿色食品生产中具有广阔的应用前景。     

三种土壤上六种丛枝菌根真菌生长特征和接种效应

以分离于华北、华中和华南3个生态区及法国引进的丛枝菌根真菌为试验菌株,采用三室根箱培养的方法,研究了它们在华北、华中和华南3种典型土壤褐土、棕壤和红壤上的菌根形成、接种效应、磷吸收贡献和根外菌物量情况。结果表明,6种菌株在上述指标上存在显著的种间或生态型差异,土壤与菌株间存在显著的交互作用。6种菌株在3种土壤上都能与玉米形成菌根,在褐土和棕壤上大多数菌株在分离地所在地区土壤类型上的菌根侵染率较高,说明其对该土壤条件的适应性较强;在红壤强酸性土壤条件抑制了菌根真菌的侵染。菌株BEG168、BEG167、BEG151、BEG221和BEG141在褐土上,BEG151和BEG221在棕壤上,BEG168和BEG150在红壤上显著提高了玉米的生物量。在褐土和棕壤上,除BEG150外,BEG168、BEG167、BEG151、BEG221和BEG141能显著促进宿主吸磷;而在红壤上,BEG168和BEG141显著促进了宿主吸磷。若以真菌的根外菌物量作为衡量AM真菌菌株土壤生态适应性的指标,BEG141和BEG167是生态适应性强的菌株,为广幅生态型菌株;菌株BEG168和BEG151次之,前者在棕壤上适应性高,后者在红壤上适应性高。BEG150和BEG221生态适应性较窄,仅适应红壤或褐土,为窄幅生态型菌株。Glomus.etunicatum的两个生态型BEG168和BEG221在土壤生态适应性上差异很大,前者在两种土壤上收集到菌物量,而后者只在褐土上收集到菌物量。土壤条件可以决定丛枝菌根真菌的生长状况和功能。     

胨冻样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mucilaginosus)对烟草灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制作用

本文首次报道胨冻样芽孢杆菌XDB1和D4B1对烟草灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的抑制作用。实验表明,XDB1和D4B1的发酵原液和无细胞提取物具有相同的抑菌效果,而经121℃处理30分钟后,抑菌活性丧失。D481菌株的抑菌活性高于XDB1,钾长石作为基质时的活性高于土壤矿物。但是,XDB1和D481对立枯丝核病菌(R..solani)、西瓜尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum)、腐霉(Pythium sp)、小麦全蚀病菌(G.graminis)、烟炭疽病菌(C.gloeosporides)、烟草赤星病菌(A.alternata)、烟草黑胫病菌(P.nicotianae、串珠镰刀病菌(F.moniliforme)和水稻稻瘟病菌(P.grisea)无抑制作用。