黑龙江省水稻区划细划的初步研究

文章在分析气象因子与水稻生长发育关系基础上,充分考虑黑龙江省的气候形势、地域特征及耕作制度,利用1971～2000年的气象资料,计算黑龙江省稳定通过18℃的天数、≥10℃积温及稻田干燥度指数等。通过指标对比分析,提出黑龙江省水稻区划细划的初步结论,为黑龙江省充分利用气候资源、发展高产优质农业提供参考依据。     

CO2/heat fluxes in rice fields: Comparative assessment of flooded and non-flooded fields in the Philippines

The seasonal fluxes of heat, moisture and CO₂ were investigated under two different rice environments: flooded and aerobic soil conditions, using the eddy covariance technique during 2008 dry season. The fluxes were correlated with the microclimate prevalent in each location. This study was intended to monitor the environmental impact, in terms of C budget and heat exchange, of shifting from lowland rice production to aerobic rice cultivation as an alternative to maintain crop productivity under water scarcity.The aerobic rice fields had higher sensible heat flux (H) and lower latent heat flux (LE) compared to flooded fields. On seasonal average, aerobic rice fields had 48% more sensible heat flux while flooded rice fields had 20% more latent heat flux. Consequently, the aerobic rice fields had significantly higher Bowen ratio (0.25) than flooded fields (0.14), indicating that a larger proportion of the available net radiation was used for sensible heat transfer or for warming the surrounding air.The total C budget integrated over the cropping period showed that the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in flooded rice fields was about three times higher than in aerobic fields while gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R_e) were 1.5 and 1.2 times higher, respectively. The high GPP of flooded rice ecosystem was evident because the photosynthetic capacity of lowland rice is naturally large. The R_e of flooded rice fields was also relatively high because it was enhanced by the high photosynthetic activities of lowland rice as manifested by larger above-ground plant biomass. The NEE, GPP, and R_e values for flooded rice fields were −258, 778, and 521 g C m⁻², respectively. For aerobic rice fields, values were −85, 515, and 430 g C m⁻² for NEE, GPP, and R_e, respectively. The ratio of R_e/GPP in flooded fields was 0.67 while it was 0.83 for aerobic rice fields.This short-term data showed significant differences in C budget and heat exchange between flooded and aerobic rice ecosystems. Further investigation is needed to clarify seasonal and inter-annual variations in microclimate, carbon and water budget of different rice production systems.     

青海浅山区梯田护埂植物——甘蒙柽柳

对青海浅山区梯田地埂上种植的甘蒙柽柳的生物、生态学特性、生长状况、成活率、抗逆性、水保效益、生态效益、经济价值等方面进行了系统的研究.甘蒙柽柳抗逆性强,根系发达、萌发力强、耐干旱、耐盐碱.在地埂上栽培成活率高,生长量大,直根系,不串根,栽培技术简单,插穗来源广泛,易被群众接受,易于推广.甘蒙柽柳不仅有很好的水保效益和观赏价值,而且有很高的经济价值,具有广阔的发展前途和良好的推广价值.     

艾比湖地区棉田、撂荒地生长季土壤呼吸研究

【目的】定量确定干旱区农田撂荒前后土壤CO_2通量的变化,旨在探讨干旱区土地利用变化对生长季碳循环过程的影响,进一步探究研究区土壤呼吸的调控机制,为研究区碳循环模型的建立提供理论描述和数据支持。【方法】采用LI-8100土壤CO_2排放通量全自动测量系统,测定艾比湖地区农田生态系统中棉田及撂荒地生长季(2010年7月和9月)的土壤呼吸,并分析水热因子对土壤呼吸的影响。【结果】棉田和撂荒地具有不同的昼夜变化动态,棉田呈单峰或双峰曲线,撂荒地则均呈单峰曲线,土壤呼吸速率峰值多出现在13:00左右,夏季土壤呼吸速率显著高于秋季(P<0.05);3 a撂荒地(7.090μmol/m~2·s)>50 a棉田(5.872μmol/m~2·s)>9 a棉田(4.612μmol/m~2·s)>7 a撂荒地(1.338μmol/m~2·s),表明耕作土地撂荒一定时间后土壤会起到固定碳的作用;棉田、撂荒地土壤呼吸速率与各层土壤含水量之间均不存在显著关系,与空气相对湿度多呈负相关;近地面气温和5 cm土壤温度对棉田、撂荒地土壤呼吸日变化的影响最大;气温、土壤温度、空气相对湿度共同影响了土壤呼吸速率,综合考虑水分、温度因素可以解释棉田、撂荒地土壤呼吸速率变化的30.50%和86.70%,这比单独考虑水分或温度对土壤呼吸速率变化的解释度都高。【结论】棉田和撂荒地土壤呼吸速率差异不显著(P>0.05),撂荒地土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性高于棉田(两者分别为1.971和0.989),水分、温度是影响生长季棉田和撂荒地土壤呼吸速率变化最主要的环境因子。     

云南省景洪市中低产田改造建设模式探讨

中低产田改造必须以因地制宜的原则进行建设,通过分析云南省西双版景洪市的自然资源、耕地状况、经济和社会条件,依据云南省中低产田改造相关要求,探索出南方丘陵地区的山区、坝区中低产田地改造建设模式。     

Protein content, oil content and fatty acid profiles as potential criteria to determine the origin of commercially grown chia (Salvia hispanica L.)

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.), an annual herb of the Labiatae family, produces seeds which were one of the basic foods of Central American civilizations in pre-Columbian times. Chia seed contains the highest known percentage of α-linolenic fatty acid of any plant source. In recent years, chia seed has become increasingly important for human health and nutrition because of its high content of α-linolenic fatty acid, and the beneficial health effects that arise from its consumption. A study was undertaken to characterize protein and oil contents as well as fatty acid composition of chia seeds grown in some larger commercial fields, in an attempt to determine how these components are affected by location. Oil saturation tended to decrease as elevation of seed production increased, with decreasing levels of palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic fatty acids found. The main constituent in the chia oil was ω-3 α-linolenic fatty acid, and ranged from 64.8% to 56.9%. Differences were significant (P < 0.05) among locations. Significant differences in protein content and fatty acid composition were also found for the commercially grown chia originating from three ecosystems. It is possible that these differences could be used to distinguish chia's origin, if additional research was undertaken to characterize such differences.     

利用机载激光雷达的林木识别与参数反演

为了提高利用机载激光雷达林木识别精度,以全波形激光雷达分解数据为基础,首先利用控制标记分水岭算法对树冠高程模型进行分割,初步确定单株木位置;然后结合单株木结构特征,在三维空间中利用马尔可夫随机场进行单株木点云分割;最后,使用9个样地实测数据对激光雷达反演的林木参数进行回归分析验证。结果表明：单株木识别率为76%,位置误差均值和方差分别为0.67、0.19 m,单株木树高、树冠直径和胸高径的RMSE分别为1.03 m（4.57%）、0.56 m（10.48%）、3.01 cm（11.01%）,样地断面积和材积的RMSE分别为2.42 m2/hm2（8.11%）和17.83 m3/hm2（9.11%）。本研究能有效提高单株木点云分割精度,能满足单株木和林分参数反演要求,提高林业调查的自动化程度。     

石羊河流域下游不同年代退耕地土壤养分和盐分变异特征研究

由于气候及人类活动因素的影响,中国干旱灌区土壤盐渍化问题日趋严重,盐渍化退耕地面积不断扩大,通过研究不同年代盐渍化退耕地土壤盐分、养分的变化规律,为盐渍化退耕地土壤的恢复和合理利用提供理论基础。石羊河流域下游的民勤绿洲区属于土壤盐渍化严重区,选择不同年代退耕地,利用时空替代的研究方法,研究绿洲区盐碱化退耕地土壤盐分（土壤盐分离子Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+、CO32-、HCO3-、Cl-、SO42-）和养分（土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾）在不同退耕时期的变异特征。结果表明：退耕年限的长短对土壤养分、盐分影响程度不同,退耕0~5年土壤有机质含量较高,5~10年土壤有机质含量最低,退耕10年以后土壤有机质含量基本趋于稳定;土壤可溶性盐分含量随着退耕年限的延长而逐渐升高。盐分8大离子组成中,阴离子以主要为SO42-、Cl-为主,阳离子以K+、Na+为主,分别占总含盐量的66.2%和19.2 %。退耕地土壤盐渍化程度随着退耕年限的延长越来越严重。     

高压静电技术在食品加工中的应用

介绍了高压静电场技术在食品加工中的作用机理。阐述了静电场技术在食品保鲜、干燥、杀菌、解冻和催陈等方面的应用。     

新疆有前任的耐盐栽培小麦“石冬5号”

中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所培育的耐盐小麦“石冬５号”除了高度“耐盐”外,还具有丰产、抗旱、抗寒等特点。在“硫酸盐”或“氯化物－－硫酸盐”类型土壤的盐分含量１５ｇ／Ｉ时种植“石冬５号”,生长接近正常,保苗面积可以达到８５％,产量可以达到３０００－３７５０ｋｇ／ｈａ;在含盐量小于１０ｇ／Ｉ的盐渍化的上种植,产量可以达到４５００－－６０００ｋｇ／ｈａ。“石冬５号”新疆南北农区盐渍化地种植,发展速度很