原子荧光光谱法测定农药中砷和汞的方法研究

农药中的砷、汞是使农产品产生毒性的重要原因,为探究农药中砷和汞同时检测的方法,通过原子荧光光谱对农药中砷和汞进行测定,讨论了不同前处理方法对测定结果的影响,最终确定了王水消解样品-原子荧光光谱法同时测定砷和汞的方法,该方法对砷和汞的回收率分别为90.1%~104.0%和89.5%~96.2%,检出限为0.14和0.003 1ng·mL-1,RSD为4.9%和5.2%,当砷的质量浓度处于0~100.0ng·mL-1,汞的质量浓度处于0~2.0ng·mL-1时,标准曲线均能呈良好的线性关系,相关系数分别为1.000和0.999 8,结果满意。     

2种水下集鱼灯水中光强分布及其比较研究

根据在印度洋鸢乌贼(Symplectoteuthisluminose)渔场对鱿钓船周围水中光照度的实测数据,对5kW金属卤化物灯和5kW卤素灯的水中光照度分布进行了分析和比较。结果表明,金属卤化物灯和卤素灯光照度的衰减曲线分别为:I=28 74×e-0 0952r和I=6 29×e-0 0914r;金属卤化物灯0 01lx等光照度曲面所包含的水体体积为244 6×104m3,是卤素灯的1 67倍。以一些头足类的适宜光照度0 01～10lx为例,金属卤化物灯和卤素灯在这一光照度的诱集范围之比为1 66∶1。     

亚硒酸钠对甲基汞中毒大鼠的影响研究

以4 mg/kg氯化甲基汞灌胃28天,建立SD大鼠甲基汞亚急性中毒模型.再给予高、中、低三个剂量的亚硒酸钠,选择补硒后0、30、60、90 d四个时间点进行研究.通过考察大鼠体重、生化指标、汞和硒在体内的分布与排出情况,来研究补充不同剂量、不同天数的硒对甲基汞中毒大鼠的影响.结果表明：对甲基汞中毒大鼠补硒后,可加快体重增长,且表现为低剂量组＞中剂量组＞高剂量组.与对照组相比,补硒30 d的肝脏GSH-Px（谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶）和60d的血清GSH-Px显著升高,60 d的肝脏MDA（丙二醛）显著降低,对肾脏无明显影响.补硒组在补硒20 d内,会抑制尿液中汞的排出,高、中剂量组在60 d后可增加汞在脑和肝中的蓄积.试验证实硒对甲基汞中毒具有一定的解毒作用,可加快体重增长,降低肝脏的氧化损伤,以最大无作用剂量补充60 d为宜.     

不同农地利用方式土壤砷、汞累积特征分析及评价研究

为了解成都平原土壤砷、汞的污染状况,揭示不同农地利用方式对土壤砷、汞含量的积累特征,本文以都江堰为研究区域,采集了不同农地利用下73个土壤样点,测定样品中砷、汞含量。结果表明,样点土壤砷平均含量为7.24mg/kg,不同农地利用方式下砷含量从高到低依次为:果园水田菜地旱地;土壤汞平均含量为0.29 mg/kg,不同农业利用方式汞含量由高到低依次为:果园菜地旱地水田。土壤砷、汞含量与川西平原背景值比较均出现了累积趋势,其中以果园的累积问题最突出,其砷、汞含量分别为8.61mg/kg、0.33mg/kg,分别高出川西平原背景值10.5%、83.3%;与土壤环境质量标准比较,4类农地利用方式中砷、汞均未超过规定的二级标准。地质累积指数和潜在生态风险指数研究表明,研究区农地砷、汞尚属轻微污染,从单元素角度分析汞潜在生态风险高于砷。     

微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定豆粉中总汞的不确定度评定

为了得到准确而完善的检测结果,对微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定豆粉中总汞结果的不确定度进行了评定,结合各不确定度分量对测定方法中不确定度的主要来源进行了分析。结果表明:样品的前处理方法以及试样的重复性对获得准确测定结果尤为重要,标准曲线的配制也是重要的不确定度来源,同时需要确保仪器的稳定性,而试样定容和样品称样引入的不确定度极低,可以忽略。通过不确定度的评定,明确了测定过程中主要误差的来源,为降低检测过程中的误差提供了依据。     

Effect of high-pressure hot-water washing treatment on fruit quality, insects, and disease in apples and pears: Part I. System description and the effect on fruit quality of ‘d’Anjou’ pears

A manually operated high-pressure hot-water washing system consisting of a boiler, hot-water mixing tank, contact loop, heat exchanger, spray mixing tank, high-pressure hot-water washing manifold, low-pressure fresh water rinse manifold, and pressure pump was constructed and installed in a packingline. The system developed 20–50 °C washing water at pressures up to 980 kPa. ‘d’Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.), shortly after harvest, and after storage for 3 and 4 months in regular air (RA) or for 4, 7 and 8 months in controlled atmosphere (CA) at −1 °C were washed through the packingline with different wetting agents (0.1% Silwet, 0.01 and 0.1% Defoamer, and water), water pressures (regular and high-pressure (210–980 kPa)), water temperatures (control (tap water, 4–22 °C), 40 °C, and 50 °C), and brushes (soft and firm), respectively. The effect of the washing conditions on fruit quality was investigated after 1 month of storage at −1 °C to simulate shipping condition, and then again after 1 week at 20 °C to simulate marketing condition. Hot-water caused severe heat scald. When nozzle temperature was 50 °C, the incidence of heat scald increased to over 50% for the fruit stored in RA for 3 months. Combined with hot-water, 540 kPa high-pressure washing increased the incidence of friction discoloration. There were lower incidences of friction discoloration and heat scald for fruit stored in CA for 7 months, in comparison to that in RA for 3 months. However, those fruit did not ripen properly as indicated by a high extractable juice content. Fruit washed at harvest had minor incidences of friction discoloration regardless of different brushes, water pressures, and wetting agents. Fruit washed after storages in either 4 months RA or 4 or 8 months CA suffered a high incidence of friction discoloration including scuffing symptoms and pressure marking. The firm brushes caused a higher incidence of friction discoloration mainly because of scuffing symptoms. However, no differences were found between different water pressures and wetting agents with respect to friction discoloration. Fruit stored for 4 months RA suffered 26–28% friction discoloration in comparison to 16–18% in CA stored fruit with firm brush washing. Extended CA storage increased friction discoloration even with soft brush washing. The results suggest that a washing system with high-pressure spray, <30 °C warm water, wetting agent Defoamer and rotating soft brushes were significantly effective in removing surface pests and decay control without causing internal or external damage of fruit.     

冻干物料孔隙特性表征的分形模型与分形维数

为了定量表征冷冻干燥物料孔隙结构和形貌特性，采用两种多孔介质分形模型，通过压汞法研究冻干牛肉和冻干腊牛肉孔隙结构的分形特性。研究表明：对于孔隙特征尺度为1～100 μm的冻干牛肉和腊牛肉，采用Menger海绵模型表征孔隙结构时，尽管表观上表现出无标度区分段线性的特性，却无法确定合理的分形维数用于表征物料的孔隙分形结构；而采用热力学关系模型分析物料孔隙结构时，物料孔隙呈现显著的分形特性，并可给出合理的分形维数，该方法可用于定量表征冻干物料的孔隙分形结构特性。     

粘土土壤孔隙大小分布及其与土壤有机质的相关性

Soil pore size distribution(PSD) directly influences soil physical,chemical,and biological properties,and further knowledge of soil PSD is very helpful for understanding soil functions and processes.In this study,PSD of three clayey soils collected from the topsoil(0-20 cm) of Vertisols in Northern China was analyzed using the N_2 adsorption(NA) and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP) methods.The effect of soil organic matter(SOM) on the PSD of clayey soils was also evaluated.The differential curves of pore volume of clayey soils by the NA method exhibited that the pores with diameter 0.01 μm accounted for more than 50%in the pore size range of 0.001 to 0.1 μm.The differential pore curves of clayey soils by the MIP method exhibited three distinct peaks in pore size range of 60 to 100,0.3 to 0.4 and 0.009 to 0.012 μm,respectively.In the three clayey soils,the ultramicropores(5-0.1μm) were determined to be the main pore class(on average 35.5%),followed by macropores( 75 μm,31.4%),cryptopores(0.1-0.007μm,16.0%),micropores(30-5 μm,9.7%) and mesopores(75-30 μm,7.3%).The SOM greatly affected the pore structure and PSD of aggregates in clayey soils.In particular,SOM removal reduced the volume and porosity of 5-100 μm pores while increased those of 5 μm pores in the 5-2 and 2-0.25 mm aggregates of clayey soils.The increase in the volume and porosity of 5 μm pores may be attributed to the disaggregation and partial emptying of small pores caused by the destruction of SOM.     

Aquatic Gastropods as Mercury Indicatorsin the Pantanal of Poconé Region (Mato Grosso, Brasil)

Gold mining is the principal polluting activity in themunicipality of Poconé at the northern limit ofthe Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brasil and ischaracterized by the inadequate use of mercury in thegold extraction process. A way to contribute to theassessment of the environmental impact of mercuryrelease in the Pantanal is to make use of bioaccumulation. Thus, determinations of total mercuryin 188 Gastropods of three different species were madein seven different sampling sites during the dry andwet periods. Increase of mercury levels in the snailswas restricted to the gold mining area and adjacentsedimentation areas. The largest mercuryconcentrations were found at the Tanque dos Padressite, reaching 2.04 g g^-1 in individuals ofPomacea scalaris. In the other sampling sites,molluscs collected in the Araras/Piuval Bay complex,a mercury retention area, showed the largest mercuryconcentration, reaching up to 1.12 g g^-1.     

北京市医疗系统污染源对市政污水中汞的贡献研究

根据抽样定律确定高碑店污水处理厂流域113家医疗机构中的北京医院等28家医院作为采样点,测定采样点排水中Hg浓度,计算Hg的总排放量,并分析了Hg排放量与医院床位数和门诊量的关系。结果表明,高碑店流域医疗机构Hg排放浓度较高,医院排水中Hg浓度(Y)与医院床位数(X1)和门诊量(X2)的关系式为:Y=3.11X1 0.098X2 166.94。流域内Hg排放总量为99.6g/d,根据高碑店污水处理厂的进水Hg浓度及日进水量计算出进水的总Hg量为828.0g/d,故高碑店流域内医疗系统对于高碑店污水处理厂进水Hg的贡献率为12.02%,说明流域内医疗系统对于高碑店污水处理厂进水Hg的贡献并不占主要地位。