Thorn树和Thorn环的Schultz指标

1998年Gutman提出了thorn图的概念,而Bonchev与Klein则给出广义的Thorn图并给出Thorn树、Thorn星、Thorn环和Thorn路的Wiener指标公式。本文利用图的对称性得到广义的thorn图(Thorn树、Thorn环)的Schultz指标与Wiener指标的关系,进一步给出这些广义的thorn图的Schultz指标。     

多效唑在苹果幼树上应用

红星、红富士苹果幼树施用多效唑后，对抑制新梢生长、调节枝条组成、促进花芽形成、提高坐果率、增加幼树产量、控制树冠增长均有明显效果，效果大小与施用方法、时期、药剂浓度和剂量、品种有关，土施比叶喷效果好。土施以３月或９月施入为宜，叶喷的最佳时期为５月上旬。土施的适宜剂量为０．５一１．０ｇ·ｍ~(-２)，叶喷最适浓度为１５００一２０００ｍｇ·１~(-１)。红星比红富士对药剂反应敏感。多效唑施后的持效期土施比叶喷的长，并随着剂量和浓度的增加而延长。土施０．５一１．０ｇ·ｍ~(-２)持效期为２一３年，叶喷１５００一２０００ｍｇ·１~(-１)的持效期仅为１年。     

鄂尔多斯主要绿化树种引种研究

通过对鄂尔多斯7种不同种源主要绿化树种胸径(地茎)、树高、冠幅、新生枝长的观测,以及多指标综合分析,以确定每一树种的最佳种源地。研究结果表明,乡土树种和在本地引种驯化多年的树种均表现为本地种源适应性最强,生长表现最好;外来引进树种表现为由自然条件较差地区向自然条件较好地区引进适应性较强,生长表现较好。建议鄂尔多斯市在以后的绿化过程中,要注重推广应用乡土树种和引种驯化多年的树种;而在引进外来树种时,要坚持从相应的种子区(亚区)或相邻的种子区(亚区),以及从自然条件低于鄂尔多斯市的地区选购。     

川西亚高山针叶林林窗边界木特征的研究

为探讨川西亚高山针叶林边界木树冠对林窗干扰的响应,对王朗自然保护区的这一植被类型进行了调查,分析了该类型森林中边界木的数量、树高、胸径和偏冠率的分布。结果表明：一些林窗的个别边界木个体较小,但大多数边界木个体与群落乔木层中主要树木的个体大小相一致,一个林窗中边界木的平均高度可以用来表示林窗的高度;约1／5的边界木未出现偏冠现象,绝大多数边界木的偏冠率在0．5～0．7之间(占61．72％),不同树种间的偏冠有显著差异;单个林窗的边界木最少为5株,最多为17株,平均每个林窗拥有9．51株边界木。     

西南桦优树选择技术研究

以胸径、树高、材积为数量评价指标,结合干形、冠高比和分枝粗细形质指标,采用5株优势木对比法开展了西南桦人工林的优树选择技术研究。通过对西南桦人工林10 21年生不同林龄阶段的优树选择标准的总结,提出了优树选择标准,即优树胸径、树高、单株材积分别大于5株对比优势木平均值的9%11%、5%7%、26%31%以上,形质指标综合得分大于7.5,共选择出西南桦优树37株,入选率为33.9%。西南桦优树的选择标准在实际应用中可根据林分状况适当调整,选优即要考虑其生长性状,同时注意材性、抗性的选择以保证西南桦育种群体的遗传多样性。     

石漠化地区3个树种幼苗在水分胁迫下的光合特性与抗旱性关系

采用盆栽控水方法,研究了翅莢木、滇楸和银荆树3树种当年生实生苗的光合特性与抗旱性的关系.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫强度的增加和时间的延长,3树种的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)均呈下降趋势,而胞间CO2浓度则呈上升的趋势;净光合速率日变化曲线逐渐从典型的单峰型转变成双峰型,出现"光合午休"现象.在轻度胁迫和中度胁迫下,净光合速率的降低是由气孔因素和非气孔因素共同引起的:而重度胁迫下,净光合速率的降低主要是非气孔因素引起的.干旱复水后,3个树种的净光合速率均有明显的恢复.利用隶属函数与反隶属函数法对3个树种的抗旱能力进行综合评价,其抗旱能力为:银荆树＞翅莢木＞滇楸.     

Stand development of Norway spruce dominated subalpine forests of the Swiss Alps

In densely populated regions, forests can help protect communities and infrastructures from natural hazards such as avalanches and rockfall. To promote the protective function, substantial efforts are made to actively manage forest stands. In 2009 alone the Swiss government invested more than 60 million sfr for the maintenance of protection forests. However, to date there has been no comprehensive evaluation of how the structural development of actively managed stands differs from that of passively managed stands in the Alps. Over the past century the structure of Norway-spruce dominated subalpine forests of the Swiss Alps has been changing and it is not clear how these changes affect the potential protective function of these forests, as well as other forest functions such as wildlife habitat. Furthermore, it is not clear how stand dynamics and structural changes differ between stands that are actively managed and those that are passively managed, and thus to what degree active efforts of forest management are contributing to stands that actually have a greater protective function than passively managed forests.In this study, we analyzed the dynamics of subalpine forests using time series of forest inventory data and examined the influence of active vs. passive management, exposition, distance to treeline, elevation and slope steepness on stand structure and dynamics. We analyzed data from 395 plots in dense, subalpine, spruce-dominated forests in the Swiss Alps. Data were collected during three distinct periods (1983-1985, 1993-1995 and 2004-2006) as part of the Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI). Using regression trees and multivariate statistics, we investigated which factors have the most important influence on tree growth and stand development.Overall, forest density increased significantly over the last 20 years and the predominance of dense forests increased at higher elevations. However, forest density has not increased in actively managed forests over the past 10 years. In passively managed stands, density was higher on south-facing slopes than on north-facing slopes. The volume and density of dead wood has increased over the last 20 years in both actively managed and passively managed forests. Active management over the last 20 years has maintained forest conditions that adequately maintain stands’ protection functions in the Swiss Alps. However, stand development, especially increasing density, in the passively managed stands of the Swiss Alps suggests that the majority of passively managed stands also provide adequate protective functions against rock and avalanche hazards without the high costs of active management.     

北京地区引种的6种彩叶树种光合生理特性

【目的】为了解引种的彩叶树种在北京地区的适应性,检测其光合生理特性,为彩叶树种在北京园林绿化中的应用提供指导。【方法】采用Licor-6400便携式光合速率测定仪,对北京市黄垡苗圃引种的国王枫、金叶红瑞木、密枝红叶李、紫叶锦带、金叶复叶槭、金叶银槭等6种彩叶树种的光合生理指标进行测定。【结果】结果表明:金叶复叶槭的净光合速率日变化曲线呈单峰型,国王枫、金叶红瑞木、密枝红叶李、紫叶锦带、金叶银槭等5种彩叶树种的净光合速率日变化规律均呈双峰型曲线,且"午休"现象明显。6种彩叶树种蒸腾速率由高到低依次为密枝红叶李、金叶复叶槭、紫叶锦带、国王枫、金叶红瑞木和金叶银槭。6种彩叶树种光补偿点均较低,具有较强的耐阴性,金叶红瑞木和紫叶锦带的光饱和点相对较高,较为喜光,而国王枫的光饱和点最低,利用强光的能力较弱。【结论】6种彩叶树种在北京生长适应性良好,在实际栽培应用中,应充分考虑彩叶树种的光合特性,根据耐阴性和生长速度等选择合适的栽培地点并进行科学合理的配置,充分发挥其生态价值和观赏价值。     

黄土高原重点水土流失区人工栽培乔木树种的区位配置方案

 根据不同立地条件类型和不同树种的区位适宜性,合理配置树种,是确保成活、成林的关键。为了有效恢复黄土高原重点水土流失区的森林植被,治理水土流失,促进西部大开发中的生态环境建设,采用“综合评判法”和“生物生态类比法”,对黄土高原重点水土流失区人工栽培乔木树种区位适宜性的评价原则、评价方法进行了论述与分析。结果表明,这2种方法均较为适宜对该区人工栽培乔木树种的评价。最后,用“综合评判法”确定了该区7个类型区的适生乔木树种46种;用“生物生态类比法”,确定了建议树种47种。     

武威市气象灾害对园林树木的影响及防治对策

武威市毗邻巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠,风大沙多,干旱缺水,是典型的温带大陆性干旱气候.由于其气候特点,适地园林树种不多,且干旱、沙尘暴、早霜和晚霜、倒春寒、局地暴雪、冰雹等灾害型气候时常发生,严重影响着园林树木的生长和造型.因此,园林工作者应加强对园林树木的保护,避免伤害发生.