Enhanced kernel set promoted by synchronous pollination determines a tradeoff between kernel number and kernel weight in temperate maize hybrids

Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield is strongly related to the number of harvested kernels, where kernel number can be increased by synchronously pollinating silks rather than allowing them to be progressively pollinated as they naturally appear from the husks. However, there is scarce evidence on how this practice affects kernel weight (KW) and plant grain yield (PGY), and no report exists on its effects when combined with treatments aimed to reduce apical dominance, like male sterility and detasseling. Field experiments were conducted in two growing seasons (Exp₁ and Exp₂) using two hybrids, cropped at contrasting stand densities (3 and 9 plants per m²) and including (i) male-fertile and male-sterile versions, (ii) tasseled and detasseled plants, and (iii) natural (NP) and synchronous pollination (SP; pollen added manually to ears bagged 5 days after initial silking) systems. Tassel growth of sterile and fertile versions was also evaluated in a separate experiment (Exp₃). Detasseling increased the number of ears per plant reaching silking (P < 0.001) of NP plants, but this beneficial effect of reduced apical dominance did not improve kernel number per plant (KNP) or PGY. Similarly, the early arrest of anther growth in male-sterile plants had no clear benefit on KNP. In contrast, KNP was enhanced by synchronous pollination (range between −13% and +71%; average of +15.4% in Exp₁ and +3.9% in Exp₂). However, this pollination system promoted a decreased in KW (range between −30% and +4%; average of −11.8% in Exp₁ and −7.8 in Exp₂) such that the treatment had no effect on PGY (range between −19% and +37%; average of +1% in Exp₁ and −4% in Exp₂). Because plant growth rate around flowering was not different between pollination treatments, assimilate availability per kernel was reduced from ovary fertilization onwards in synchronously pollinated plants when compared to open pollinated plants. This explains the reduced KW when increasing KNP by synchronous pollination. In summary, none of the imposed treatments allowed grain yield to be increased at the plant level.     

A stochastic surplus production model in continuous time

Surplus production modelling has a long history as a method for managing data‐limited fish stocks. Recent advancements have cast surplus production models as state‐space models that separate random variability of stock dynamics from error in observed indices of biomass. We present a stochastic surplus production model in continuous time (SPiCT), which in addition to stock dynamics also models the dynamics of the fisheries. This enables error in the catch process to be reflected in the uncertainty of estimated model parameters and management quantities. Benefits of the continuous‐time state‐space model formulation include the ability to provide estimates of exploitable biomass and fishing mortality at any point in time from data sampled at arbitrary and possibly irregular intervals. We show in a simulation that the ability to analyse subannual data can increase the effective sample size and improve estimation of reference points relative to discrete‐time analysis of aggregated annual data. Finally, subannual data from five North Sea stocks are analysed with particular focus on using residual analysis to diagnose model insufficiencies and identify necessary model extensions such as robust estimation and incorporation of seasonality. We argue that including all known sources of uncertainty, propagation of that uncertainty to reference points and checking of model assumptions using residuals are critical prerequisites to rigorous fish stock management based on surplus production models.     

利用相同来源F2:3和BC2S1群体定位玉米生育期QTL

以普通玉米自交系丹232和爆裂玉米自交系N04为亲本构建259个F2:3和220个BC2S1家系群体,利用SSR标记构建分子标记遗传图谱,利用复合区间作图方法对4个生育期性状进行QTL定位和效应分析。利用F2:3群体共检测到4个抽雄期QTL、6个吐丝期QTL和3个散粉期QTL。单个QTL可解释的表型变异为6.7%~18.4%,可解释的表型总变异为28.9%~50.3%,11个QTL的增效基因来自生育期较长的亲本丹232,其余2个QTL的增效基因来自生育期较短的亲本N04;BC2S1群体检测到8个与4个生育期性状相关的QTL,单个QTL可解释的表型变异为4.5%~11.6%,可解释的表型总变异为13.2%~18.5%,增效基因来自两个亲本的QTL为3个和5个。两类群体检测出QTL的数目、位置、效应和贡献率均存在较大差异,主要原因在于BC2S1群体抽样选择所引起的群体结构差异,F2:3群体显示出较高的QTL检测能力,但回交育种过程中应慎重依据F2:3群体QTL定位结果进行标记辅助选择(MAS)。     

高温对茶树叶片光合及抗逆特性的影响和恢复*3

以4个茶树品种福鼎大白茶、鸠坑、龙井43和乌牛早7a生植株为研究对象,采用人工气候箱模拟高温（35℃和40℃）处理6、12、18、24、48h,取出后置于人工气候箱中（25℃）恢复3、6、9d,以未经高温处理置于人工气候箱中（温度25℃）的各品种茶树为对照（CK）,测定茶树叶片的最大净光合速率、荧光参数、抗氧化酶活性以及细胞伤害率。结果表明：高温胁迫显著抑制了茶树的最大净光合速率（Pnmax）和最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）,处理时间越长、温度越高,Pnmax和Fv/Fm下降越快,除35℃处理的福鼎大白茶外,其它3种茶树经过高温处理后,在恢复期间其Fv/Fm无法恢复至正常水平;茶树叶片的SOD酶活性在高温处理的前12h迅速上升,随着处理时间的延长,其活性降低;叶片MDA含量的平均值在高温处理第48小时达到最大,恢复期间缓慢下降;随着处理温度的升高和处理时间的延长,各茶树叶片的细胞伤害率均呈增加趋势。4种茶树耐热性的强弱由高到低依次为福鼎大白茶＞乌牛早＞鸠坑＞龙井43。     

乳熟阶段短期高温对不同品种早籼稻直链淀粉含量和RVA谱特征参数的影响

以2个杂交稻（淦鑫203和金优402）和4个常规稻（中531、B670、E134和ST66）为材料,于水稻乳熟期进行高温处理3d,处理温度分别为35℃和38℃,以同期田间自然温度为对照,研究乳熟期高温对不同品种早籼稻直链淀粉含量和RVA谱特征参数的影响,并对稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值与直链淀粉含量进行相关分析.结果表明,无论是对照还是高温处理,中531和B670的直链淀粉含量、消减值及回复值较低,但崩解值较高,而E134和ST66表现为直链淀粉含量、消减值及回复值较高,崩解值较低;杂交稻淦鑫203和金优402则介于两者中间.与对照相比,38℃高温显著降低淦鑫203、金优402、中531和E134的崩解值,显著提高淦鑫203、中531的消减值、显著降低金优402、中531、B670和E134的回复值.各处理淀粉RVA谱变化趋势较一致,但因品种及温度而略有差异.38℃高温处理下稻米淀粉黏滞性曲线始终低于对照,但常规稻中531和B670的RVA谱形态与对照差异不大.此外,稻米直链淀粉含量与RVA谱各特征值间存在显著相关性.     

灌浆结实期高温对水稻剑叶生理特性和稻米品质的影响

以水稻耐热品系996和热敏感品系4628为材料,在灌浆结实期利用人工气候室进行高温处理（9：00-17：00,37℃,17：00-翌日9：00,30℃）和适温处理（CK,9：00-17：00,30℃,17：00-翌日9：00,25℃）22d,研究高温胁迫对水稻剑叶光合特性、膜透性、抗氧化酶活性及稻米品质的影响,并进行对比分析.结果表明：（1）灌浆结实期高温胁迫下水稻剑叶叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b和净光合速率均降低,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性表现出胁迫初期升高,高温处理5d后,随胁迫时间延长呈降低趋势,热敏感品系4628剑叶中叶绿素含量、净光合速率和抗氧化酶活性下降幅度大于耐热品系996;（2）高温下剑叶丙二醛（MDA）含量上升,相对电导率增加,热敏感品系4628增加幅度大于耐热品系996;（3）高温胁迫下垩白粒率和垩白度显著增加,精米率和整精米率显著降低,直链淀粉含量降低,蛋白质含量增加.灌浆结实期高温胁迫下,水稻功能叶抗氧化酶活性降低,膜透性增加,光合能力及光合产物的运输与卸载能力下降,可能是稻米品质降低的重要原因.     

稻田耕作方式和施氮水平对抛栽水稻群体质量及产量的影响

比较了4个施氮水平下免耕抛栽水稻和常耕抛栽水稻的群体质量及产量。结果表明,在127.5~193.0 kg/hm2施氮水平内,结实率随施氮水平的提高而降低,穗数、穗前干物质生产量、穗后干物质生产量、总干物质生产量、茎叶干物质表观输出量和表观输出率、植株高度、单茎重、粒叶比和根系活力随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,产量随施氮水平的提高而增加。1 9 3.0kg/hm2施氮处理的产量显著高于127.5 kg/hm2处理的。常耕抛栽水稻的有效穗数和粒叶比高于免耕抛栽水稻,但免耕水稻的干物质生产量、茎叶干物质表观输出量、茎叶干物质表观输出率、植株高度、单茎重、根系活力和颖花茎流量比常耕水稻的高,免耕抛栽水稻的群体质量略优于常耕抛栽水稻的。免耕抛栽水稻比常耕抛栽水稻增产2.10%,但差异不显著。     

甲砜霉素在鲤鱼及鲫鱼体内的残留研究

本研究旨在分析甲砜霉素在鲤鱼和鲫鱼体内的残留消除规律并为制定休药期提供依据。按照30 mg/kg的给药量对鲤鱼和鲫鱼连续口灌给药甲砜霉素3天,定时取样,外标法定量,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)检测采样组织中甲砜霉素的残留量。结果显示：甲砜霉素在0.1~200 ng/mL范围内有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9987。回收率在81.33%~109.72%之间。甲砜霉素在停止给药后鱼体各检测组织中残留量呈下降趋势,在停药25天后,甲砜霉素残留量低于中国与欧盟规定的最高残留限量(MRLs)。根据结果,建议休药期为25天。     

春甘蓝田小菜蛾种群动态研究

在田间系统调查的基础上,采用模糊聚类分析和时间动态空间生态位宽度与种群密度关系分析方法,研究了合肥地区春甘蓝田小菜蛾的种群动态,旨在为小菜蛾的科学治理提供依据。研究结果表明,春甘蓝田小菜蛾种群动态可分为3 个发展阶段——点片发生阶段（低密度、高聚块）、扩张发生阶段（中密度、低聚块）和猖獗发生阶段（高密度、低聚块）。小菜蛾对春甘蓝的为害情况比较复杂,种群密度较低时主要为害甘蓝心叶;随着甘蓝的生长和小菜蛾种群密度的上升逐渐向内层叶和外层叶扩展,最终导致甘蓝全株受害。小菜蛾种群处于点片发生阶段时是春甘蓝田小菜蛾防治的关键时期。     

外源物质处理对高温胁迫下苹果果实抗氧化能力的影响

高温胁迫下,果实表皮组织抗氧化代谢变化的总趋势是O2-和MDA含量升高,当胁迫在一定范围内,SOD和POD活性上升;超过一定限度,SOD和POD活性下降。外源自由基产生剂能够增加内源O2-的含量,同时极显著提高SOD的活性。试验结果表明,在45℃温度胁迫下,果实表皮组织O2-含量增加14.52％~61.70％;SOD活性提高1.07~1.66倍。不同种类外源活性氧产生剂对内源O2-含量的影响效能有所不同。碱性二亚硫酸钠可直接产生O2-,所以诱导内源O2-合成的效果更大一些。不同种类外源物质均可显著或极显著提高果实表皮组织SOD和POD活性,提高果实的抗热性。