添加植酸酶对生长猪玉米豆粕型饲粮养分消化利用率的影响

选用体重2 0 kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂去势公猪,随机分为4组,进行消化代谢试验,测定玉米豆粕型基础饲粮(Ⅰ组)和以植酸酶250 U/kg(Ⅱ组)、500 U/kg(Ⅲ组)、750 U/kg(Ⅳ组)取代基础饲粮中40%、60%、80%的磷酸氢钙的试验饲粮中的粗蛋白质等养分的消化利用率。采用全收粪法进行两期消化代谢试验。结果表明:与对照组(Ⅰ组)相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的蛋白质表观消化率分别提高了3.50%、2.45%、2.32%,组间差异不显著(P>0.05);蛋白质生物学价值分别提高了5.75%、6.29%、6.62%,组间差异不显著(P>0.05);粗纤维表观消化率分别提高30.09%、54.10%(P<0.05)、13.07%;钙的表观消化率分别提高了4.02%、13.82%(P<0.05)、2.20%;磷的表观消化率分别提高了8.20%、47.36%(P<0.05)、13.39%;饲粮可消化能分别提高了1.89%、7.69%(P<0.05)、4.83%。     

农田暴雨径流侵蚀泥沙流失及其对氮磷的富集

利用室内模拟降雨径流试验(降雨强度72mm/h),研究侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征及其对氮磷的富集作用。结果表明,侵蚀泥沙的团聚体组成和原来土壤有很大差异,<0.25mm团聚体占侵蚀泥沙重量的81%,而在原土壤中只有16%;>0.25mm的团聚体只有19%,远远低于原土壤中的84%。颗粒态氮磷分别占径流流失氮磷的94%和91%以上,而78%的颗粒态氮和69%的颗粒态磷是通过小于0.25mm团聚体流失的;44%的颗粒态氮和32%的颗粒态磷是通过<0.045mm团聚体流失的。侵蚀泥沙氮磷富集系数随时间而下降,并与侵蚀泥沙累积流失量之间呈显著的对数线性相关。侵蚀泥沙中<0.25mm团聚体,尤其是氮磷含量较高的<0.045mm团聚体的富集是侵蚀泥沙对氮磷富集的原因。     

分室磷添加下菌根对滇池流域红壤间作玉米生长及磷素利用的影响

随着全球范围内磷矿资源短缺问题的日益严重,间作或菌根技术强化作物对土壤磷(P)的利用及增产增收的效应受到越来越多的关注。通过三室隔网盆栽模拟试验研究了分室磷处理[不添加磷(P0)、添加有机磷(OP50)、添加无机磷(IOP50)]和根室不接种(NM)、根室接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae(GM)对与大豆间作的玉米的生长及磷素利用的影响。研究结果表明:所有复合处理中,以间作?GM?IOP50组合处理下的玉米根系最短和地上部生物量最高;OP50处理下,间作玉米的菌根侵染率显著高于单作处理。间作条件下,无论分室磷添加与否,接种GM处理的玉米地上部生物量明显高于NM处理;接种GM处理的玉米根系生物量和株高均显著高于NM处理,且根系生物量以间作?GM?OP50组合处理下最高。接种GM条件下,P0、IOP50、OP50处理下的间作植株生物量较单作处理分别提高45.98%、111.33%、33.56%。单作条件下,无论分室磷添加与否,接种GM处理的玉米地上部磷含量均显著高于NM处理;无论何种种植模式及分室磷添加与否,接种GM处理的植物根系磷含量均显著高于NM处理。无论磷添加与否,间作?GM组合条件下的玉米地上部磷吸收量均显著较高,其中IOP50处理下的地上部磷吸收量显著高于OP50处理。间作?GM组合条件下,IOP50处理玉米根系的磷吸收效率均显著高于OP50处理。可见,接种GM、分室磷添加和间作各自在一定程度上促进了玉米的生长。综合菌根侵染、生物量及磷含量与吸收量、磷吸收效率等指标,所有复合处理中以间作?GM?IOP50组合对玉米地上部的促生作用最好,玉米磷素吸收最多,可望有效强化滇池流域红壤坡耕地磷素的利用。     

CO2浓度与氮磷供应水平对黄瓜根系生长及各组织矿质养分含量的影响

在开顶式生长箱内，以黄瓜为试验材料，采用营养液培养方法，研究了不同氮水平、磷水平条件下大气CO2浓度对黄瓜植株内矿质养分含量以及根系形态的影响。结果表明：黄瓜植株各部位氮素含量随供氮水平提高而增加，磷水平提高，也能促进各部位氮含量的提高。植株各部位磷含量随供磷水平的提高而升高，在相同磷水平下，缺氮会使各部位磷含量升高。大气CO2浓度升高会使黄瓜植株各部位氮及特定部位的磷含量降低。黄瓜根部的Ca含量随CO2浓度的升高而显著降低，氮和磷水平的升高极显著地增加了其含量，且CO2浓度与供磷水平、供氮与供磷水平以及这三者之间存在明显的交互作用。供氮、供磷水平的升高极显著的提高了黄瓜叶片Ca的含量以及茎部Mg的含量，且两者存在明显的交互作用。黄瓜总根长和总根表面积随CO2浓度的增加有增大的趋势；在缺磷条件下，总根长和总根表面积随氮水平的提高而增大；而同一氮水平和CO2浓度下，磷水平的降低会增加总根长和总根表面积。总体看来，大气CO2浓度的升高能促进黄瓜根系的生长，但会使得黄瓜植株某些部位氮、磷、钙、镁等矿质元素含量降低，而供氮、供磷水平的提高可以通过增强黄瓜的生长与活力促进黄瓜根系对矿质养分的吸收，从而缓解由于CO2浓度升高带来的矿质元素含量降低的风险。这启示我们在对设施蔬菜CO2施肥的同时，也要注重适量提高合理配比下矿质元素的供应。     

冷型小麦磷素吸收积累特性的研究

2002至2004年,通过田间小区试验,研究了4种施肥条件下(不施肥、单施磷肥、单施氮肥和氮磷配施)冷型小麦的磷素吸收积累特性。结果表明,与暖型小麦相比,冷型小麦开花前功能叶片和穗部具有较高的磷素积累量;开花后的吸收积累量也较大,比暖型小麦高24.4%;成熟期冷型小麦子粒中磷素积累量在不施肥、单施磷肥、单施氮肥和氮磷配施条件下,分别比暖型小麦高6.3%、11.1%、18.5%和50.6%;植株磷素总积累量趋势与子粒一致。结果说明冷型小麦属于高效吸磷基因型,暖型小麦属于低效吸磷基因型;而且冷型小麦磷素积累量对氮、磷肥均有较高的响应度,属于高效高响应吸磷基因型。     

Study on Advanced Treatment of Secondary Effluent Using Fixed-Bed Filled with Bone Char

The adsorption of a fixed bed filled with bone char was investigated in terms of its efficiency and capacity by determining operational conditions for the purpose of further reduction of organic matter and removal of phosphorus using a continuous flow of real secondary effluent. Simultaneous removals of phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were sufficiently achieved by this fixed-bed method. Stable performance was maintained even at a linear flow velocity (abbreviated as LV) of 1.5 m h^–1. Appropriate backwashing and regeneration were required to operate the system continuously for a long period of time. During the regeneration, the use of treated water including Ca²⁺ ion was so effective that phosphorus removal efficiency increased from about 50 to 80%, and afterwards maintained over 65%, until inflow water of the volume up to 150 times as large as the volume of bone char had passed through. Even when the inflow water of the volume rose up to 200 times, the phosphorus removal efficiency could be maintained over 50%. During this operation, the adsorptions of phosphorus and COD onto the bone char surface were observed to be over 6.7 and 35 gL^–1, respectively.     

氮、磷和钾营养对新海16长绒棉产量和品质的影响

氮肥、磷肥、钾肥N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.71∶0.30并配合Zn、Mn、B微肥施用,经济施肥量为N 189.3 kg/hm2、P2O5134.4 kg/hm2、K2O 57.2 kg/hm2,能显著促进棉花的生长发育和提高产量,比对照增产40%,对新海16纤维品质中的马克隆值影响显著,但对纤维综合品质影响不显著。     

节水防污型农田水利系统构建及其效果分析

不合理的农田水肥管理是造成农业面源污染的主要原因之一。为了探寻灌区水稻节水、增产和减污相统一的措施,提出运用由田间、草沟、塘堰湿地和骨干沟"四道防线"组成的系统净化农田排水,并在广西桂林市青狮潭灌区及广西灌溉试验中心站开展了系统的试验研究。通过站内不同水肥处理下对田间节水、水稻增产、氮磷流失减少指标的分析,优选水稻田间最优水肥管理模式,即采用间歇灌溉模式、施氮肥总量不变、适当减少氮肥基肥增加追肥用量;在站外根据现有的水系分布构建"四道防线"系统,分析了各道防线对农田排水的净化效果以及提高净化效果的主要措施。由"四道防线"构成的节水防污型农田水利系统对农田氮磷排放具有良好的净化效果,实现了减少农田面源污染和修复农田水环境的目的。     

Evidence of peptides in low-molecular-weight fractions of soil organic matter

Summary Organic matter was extracted from three soils, a Berwick sandy loam, a Franklin loamy sand, and a Cumberland silty loam. The extracts were separated into high (>8000 daltons) and low-molecular-weight (<8000 daltons) fractions using gel filtration. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography at 214 nm was used to separate the peptides into low-molecular-weight fractions. Peptide samples were collected with an integrated fraction collector and hydolyzed with an immobilized protease column reactor. High performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was used to determine the amino-acid contents of the collected samples. The results indicated that peptide intermediates are present in soil size fractions. Greater quantities of several amino acids were released from the peptide hydrolyzates of the Berwick sandy loam and Franklin loamy sand, compared with the Cumberland silty loam, an uncultivated soil. These findings indicate that organic intermediates (e.g., peptides) are more prevalent in biologically active soils than in relatively inert soils.     

Effects of Iron and Zinc Fertilizers on the Accumulation of Fe And Zn Ions in Potato Tubers

The aim of this study was the evaluation of the methods to increase the yield of potato and the accumulation of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in response to iron and zinc fertilizers. In these studies, ‘Marfona’ potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivar was used in a statistical factorial design experiment with three factors: methods of fertilizer application (2 levels of spray and one level by irrigation), kind of fertilizers (iron and zinc) and levels of fertilizer, (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg L^?1). Results showed that iron and zinc fertilizers increased the tubers weight and the tubers number weight^?1 ratio (P < 0.01). Also, results showed that the effects of Fe and Zn fertilizers application in irrigation water was more significant (P < 0.01) than by spray application. In addition, application of Fe and Zn fertilizers resulted in higher concentrations of these ions in the harvested tubers improving their nutritional values.