菜用睡莲栽培土壤和灌溉水铅、汞及镉安全指标验证试验

菜用睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona Georgi)是湖北省开发的一种以叶柄及花柄为产品的新型水生蔬菜。为了评价菜用睡莲对铅、汞及镉3种重金属的吸收富集能力,并比较有关标准中关于土壤和灌溉水中铅、汞及镉安全指标限量值的适用性,利用睡莲盆栽进行了3个独立的模拟试验。结果表明,处理土壤铅、汞及镉含量与灌溉水及菜用睡莲产品中的铅、汞及镉含量分别呈显著或极显著正相关。菜用睡莲对土壤重金属的富集系数(PUF)为镉0.99~3.26汞0.50~1.50铅0.00~0.02,对这3种重金属均有良好的富集效果,可以用于土壤和水体中重金属的吸收清除。在处理土壤铅含量为65 mg/kg时,菜用睡莲产品的铅含量为0.3 mg/kg,达到GB 2762-2012叶菜蔬菜的上限值以及NY/T 5010-2016规定的铅含量上限值,不能保障菜用睡莲产品铅含量符合GB 2762-2012的规定。利用回归方程计算的理论值表明,土壤铅≤65 mg/kg、汞≤0.05 mg/kg及镉≤2.88 mg/kg时,菜用睡莲产品符合GB 2762-2012的限量值规定(铅0.3 mg/kg、汞0.01 mg/kg、镉0.2 mg/kg)。如果实行种养结合模式,则NY/T 5361-2016规定的土壤和水铅、汞及镉含量限量值指标更为适宜。     

Sorption,Release and Forms of Mercury in Contaminated Soils Stabilized with Water Treatment Residual Nanoparticles

This study was carried out to assess, for the first time, the effect of water treatment residual nanoparticles (nWTR) on mobility, fractionation and speciation of Hg in two arid zone soils. Nanoscale water treatment residual application markedly reduced cumulative Hg released from soils studied, with the effect increasing as the nWTR application rate increases. The power function kinetic model well described the desorption process from soils and soils with nWTR. Meanwhile, application of nWTR greatly increased the association of Hg with the residual fraction and increased the most stable Hg species (Hg (OH)₂ amor), which in turn enhanced Hg immobilization in the studied soils. Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated the involvement of nWTR in the retention of Hg (II) and revealed that sorption occurred mainly through OH groups, which suggest inner‐sphere adsorption of Hg ions to surface functional groups on nWTR. These results demonstrated the feasibility of using a green and low‐cost nWTR as best management practice to retain and immobilize excess Hg in contaminated soils. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于DNA双链电荷转移的Hg2+电化学生物传感器的研究

基于DNA双链电荷转移原理,利用胸腺嘧啶(thymine)与Hg~(2+)的特异性识别和计时电量法构建了一种高灵敏检测水溶液中Hg~(2+)的电化学生物传感器。该传感器将含有1个T-T碱基错配对的DNA互补双链通过Au-S键自组装在金电极表面,运用计时电量法在含有亚甲基蓝的铁氰化钾溶液中进行测定。T-T错配阻断了DNA双链内部电荷转移,而Hg~(2+)通过T-Hg~(2+)-T配位作用与双链DNA特异性结合并形成DNA双链内部电荷转移通路,引起电极表面计时电量的变化。计时电量测定结果显示:在亚甲基蓝的还原峰电位(-380m V)附近,计时电量随着溶液中的Hg~(2+)浓度的增大而增加,Hg~(2+)浓度在1.0 nmol/L~104nmol/L范围内,计时电量的变化量与Hg~(2+)浓度的对数呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数(R2)为0.997,检测限为0.5 nmol/L(S/N=3)。干扰实验表明,该传感器对Hg~(2+)具有良好的特异性和选择性。     

Kinetics of Hg adsorption onto noncrystalline Al hydroxide as influenced by low-molecular-weight organic ligands

This study was conducted to investigate the kinetics of Hg adsorption by noncrystalline Al hydroxide as influenced by various pH conditions and cysteine (cys), glycine (gly), and citric acid (cit), which have different structures and functionalities, as low-molecular-weight organic ligands using the GEOCHEM-PC software. The influence of these organic ligands on the kinetics of Hg adsorption varied according to their concentration, structure, and functionality and pH. The adsorption of Hg followed multiple first order kinetics with initial rapid adsorption, followed by slow adsorption. Cysteine suppressed or enhanced Hg adsorption, depending on pH and its concentration. Glycine and citric acid exerted suppressing and enhancing effects, respectively, with the exception of at pH 4.5 and at lower concentrations, at which no influence was observed as compared to the control. Two mechanisms were thought to mediate the adsorption of Hg(II); specific surface complexation in the control, cysteine and glycine systems, and ligand exchange in the citric acid system. The Hg adsorption at all levels of organic ligands decreased with increasing pH, with the exception of at the higher concentration of cysteine, at which the reverse trend was observed. The influence of organic ligands on the dynamics of Hg in the freshwater environment merits further study.     

重金属污染对大蒜根尖细胞的诱变效应研究

[目的]探究Pb、Hg及其复合污染对植物细胞诱变效应的机制。[方法]利用植物细胞核畸变技术,研究不同浓度的Pb、Hg及其复合污染对大蒜根尖细胞分裂指数、微核率及总畸变率的影响。[结果]Pb、Hg及其复合污染均能抑制大蒜根尖细胞的有丝分裂并诱发较高频率的核畸变,其毒害作用均随污染浓度的升高而增强。在抑制细胞分裂方面,Hg作用强于Pb;在细胞致畸方面,Pb作用强于Hg。当Pb浓度〉0.8 mg/L时,致畸影响极显著（P〈0.01）;两者复合时,对细胞的毒害作用不是简单累加,而是既协同又部分拮抗。[结论]该研究为重金属环境污染的质量评估提供技术参考。     

同时测定海产品中砷和汞方法的优化

建立微波消解—氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法同时测定海产品中砷、汞的方法,并对仪器工作参数及条件进行了优化和选择。砷和汞的质量浓度分别在0～10ng/mL和0～2.0ng/mL线性良好,相关系数分别为0.9995和0.9996;砷和汞的检出限分别为0.06ng/mL和0.05ng/mL,变异系数分别为0.58%和1.36%,砷和汞回收率分别为89.40%～103.3%和84.55%～93.01%。应用该方法分析海产品中砷和汞含量是可行的。     

Evaluation of Soil Tests for Plant‐available Mercury in a Soil–Crop Rotation System

A reliable soil test is needed for estimating mercury (Hg) availability to crop plants. In this study, four extraction procedures including 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), 1 M ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) (pH 7.0), 0.005 M diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), and 0.1 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) (pH5.0) were compared for their adequacy in predicting soil Hg availability to crop plants of a rice–cabbage–radish rotation system. The amounts of Hg extracted by each of the four procedures increased with increasing equilibrium time. The optimal time required for extraction of soil Hg was approximately 30 min, though it varied slightly among the four extractants. The amounts of Hg extracted decreased with increasing soil/solution ratio, and a soil/solution ratio of 1:5 appeared to be adequate for soil Hg availability tests. The amounts of Hg extracted increased in the order of NH₄OAc < CaCl₂ < DTPA < HCl in silty loam soil (SLS) soil, and the order was NH₄OAc < CaCl₂ ≈ DTPA < HCl in yellowish red soil (YRS) soil. Significant positive correlations among the four extractants were obtained in SLS soil. In contrast, the correlations were poor in YRS soil, especially for HCl. There were significant correlations between concentrations of Hg in edible tissue of three plants and the amounts of soil Hg extractable to the four extractants for soil–rice system and soil–radish system, but not for soil–Chinese cabbage system. The 0.1M HCl extraction overall provided the best estimation of soil‐available Hg and could be used to predict phytoavailability of Hg in soil–crop systems.     

广东省6种常见食用菌的重金属含量调查与评价

广东省6种常见食用菌重金属的平均含量为:铅>镉>汞>砷,均低于国家食用菌卫生限量标准GB7096-2003,说明食用菌的重金属含量是安全的。食用菌品种不同,其重金属的含量差异很大,铅、镉、汞、砷的平均累积量依次为:香菇>金针菇>平菇>鸡腿菇>草菇>灵芝,全部符合国家卫生标准的要求。值得注意的是,食用菌重金属含量的变异系数较大,说明环境、品种和栽培技术影响重金属在食用菌中的积累。采用优良品种、选择安全的生产环境、优化栽培技术可降低食用菌的重金属含量。     

Effect of Humus on Activity of Mineral-Bound Hg: III.Effect on Leachability and Transfer of Mineral-Bound Hg Under Acid Leaching Condition

Effects of humus fractions (fulvic acid, brown humic acid and grey humic acid) on the leachability and transferring activity of five types of mineral-bound Hg were investigated. Under the acid leaching condition; fulvic acid could promote leachability and vertical transference of all the mineral-bound Hg. Brown humic acid could retard the leaching and transferring processes of CaCO3-Hg, Fe2O3-Hg, MnO2-Hg and kaolinite Hg but not bentonite-Hg. Grey humic acid could greatly enhance residing ability of the mineral-bound Hg in the soil column and restrain them from vertical transferring. The effect of humus on leachability and transferring activity on the mineral-bound Hg was closely related to its ability to convert the mineral-bound Hg into organic-bound form and the transferability of the latter in the soil column. The characteristics of the mineral-bound Hg in speciation were the internal factors that determined the extent and rate of the influence of the humus.     

腐殖酸对矿物结合汞活性的影响研究──Ⅱ.腐殖酸对矿物结合汞挥发活性影响的动态特征

汞的挥发动力学表明：腐殖酸对矿物结合汞活性兼具抑制与活化的双重效应,突出表现为矿物结合汞的挥发具有先期抑制与后期活化最后趋于稳定的动态影响特征,其效应具有长期性渐变特点。不同腐殖酸针对不同矿物类型结合汞,其作用速率与强度不同。