病死畜禽无害化处理技术研究与资源化利用探讨

随着我国畜牧业发展,大量病死畜禽尸体造成了严重环境污染和公共安全问题。病死畜禽尸体也是潜在的生物质能源,因此对于病死畜禽的处理方式的导向应该是无害化与资源化结合。通过归纳我国对病死畜禽的处理方式的特点及存在问题,建议完善补偿机制,合理选择处理方法,推广堆肥发酵法、高温生物降解法等可实现资源化利用的方法,研发资源化利用的新技术,保障产品安全性。     

A spatial risk assessment of bighorn sheep extirpation by grazing domestic sheep on public lands

Bighorn sheep currently occupy just 30% of their historic distribution, and persist in populations less than 5% as abundant overall as their early 19th century counterparts. Present-day recovery of bighorn sheep populations is in large part limited by periodic outbreaks of respiratory disease, which can be transmitted to bighorn sheep via contact with domestic sheep grazing in their vicinity. In order to assess the viability of bighorn sheep populations on the Payette National Forest (PNF) under several alternative proposals for domestic sheep grazing, we developed a series of interlinked models. Using telemetry and habitat data, we characterized herd home ranges and foray movements of bighorn sheep from their home ranges. Combining foray model movement estimates with known domestic sheep grazing areas (allotments), a Risk of Contact Model estimated bighorn sheep contact rates with domestic sheep allotments. Finally, we used demographic and epidemiologic data to construct population and disease transmission models (Disease Model), which we used to estimate bighorn sheep persistence under each alternative grazing scenario. Depending on the probability of disease transmission following interspecies contact, extirpation probabilities for the seven bighorn sheep herds examined here ranged from 20% to 100%. The Disease Model allowed us to assess the probabilities that varied domestic sheep management scenarios would support persistent populations of free-ranging bighorn sheep.     

Optimizing the use of breed types in developing country livestock production systems: a neglected research area

Developing country livestock production systems are diverse and dynamic, and include those where existing indigenous breeds are currently optimal and likely to remain so, those where non‐indigenous breed types are already in common use, and systems that are changing, such as by intensification, where the introduction of new breed types represents significant opportunities. These include opportunities to improve the livelihood of the world's poor, increase food and nutrition security and enhance environmental sustainability. At present, very little research has focused on this issue, such that significant knowledge gaps in relation to breed‐change interventions remain. The purpose of this study is to raise awareness of this issue and suggests strategic research areas to begin filling these knowledge gaps. Such strategic research would include (i) assessing the impact of differing breed types in developing country livestock productions systems, from a range of viewpoints including intrahousehold livelihood benefit, food and nutrition security at different scales, and environmental sustainability; (ii) identification of specific livestock production systems within developing countries, and the type of livestock keepers within these system, that are most likely to benefit from new breed types; and (iii) identification of new breed types as candidates for in‐situ testing within these systems, such as through the use of spatial analysis to identify similar production environments combined with community acceptance studies. Results of these studies would primarily assist stakeholders in agriculture, including both policy makers and livestock keepers, to make informed decisions on the potential use of new breed types.     

Admixture analysis in relation to pedigree studies of introgression in a minority British cattle breed: the Lincoln Red

Investigation of historic population processes using molecular data has been facilitated by the use of approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), which enables the consideration of multiple alternative demographic scenarios. The Lincoln Red cattle breed provides a relatively simple example of two well‐documented admixture events. Using molecular data for this breed, we found that structure did not resolve very low (<5% levels) of introgression, possibly due to sampling limitations. We evaluated the performance of two ABC approaches (2BAD and DIYABC) against those of two earlier methodologies, ADMIX and LEADMIX, by comparing their interpretations with the conclusions drawn from herdbook analysis. The ABC methods gave credible values for the proportions of the Lincoln Red genotype that are attributable to Aberdeen Angus and Limousin, although estimates of effective population size and event timing were not realistic. We suggest ABC methods are a valuable supplement to pedigree‐based studies but that the accuracy of admixture determination is likely to diminish with increasing complexity of the admixture scenario.     

规模养猪场粪污综合治理和利用技术研究

近年来,养猪业的规模化发展与伴随而来的环境污染矛盾日益加剧,如何综合处理规模养猪场的粪污,实现污染物资源化利用,成为当前一项十分重要而紧迫的科研任务。文章以防城港市5个具有代表性的规模猪场为例,在考虑容量化控制和科学合理布局粪污处理设施的基础上,通过对各猪场排泄粪污采用雨污分流、干湿分离、污水处理等技术综合治理,并对经处理粪污进行资源化利用效益分析,探讨规模化猪场粪污综合治理的有效技术措施。     

美国畜禽屠宰检疫制度介绍

国务院调整畜禽屠宰管理职能后,畜禽屠宰行业由农业部负责管理,生猪屠宰检疫管理制度亟待进一步完善。本文介绍了美国畜禽屠宰检疫的法律依据、管理体制、检疫人员、检疫的内容和程序,以及检疫出证等内容,希望可以为我国屠宰检疫制度建设提供参考。     

养殖环境细菌微生物气溶胶粒径分布及其健康危害评估

为深入了解畜禽舍环境中气载细菌微生物的空气动力学粒径分布规律,并评估其潜在的健康危害风险,采用Andersen-6级微生物空气采样器以血-琼脂培养基、沙氏培养基和高氏合成1号培养基为采样介质,对鸡舍、猪舍、牛舍环境中空气样品进行系统定点取样、测定及分析。研究结果表明,鸡舍环境中气载需氧菌含量最高,猪舍次之,牛舍最低;空气细菌粒径分布均为第Ⅰ级最高,鸡舍空气粒径呈偏态分布,牛舍、猪舍分别在第Ⅲ级和第Ⅳ级出现第2个峰值。携带细菌可吸入微粒在猪舍环境中比例最大。空气真菌与放线菌均在第Ⅳ级最高,携带真菌和放线菌可吸入粒子的比例显著大于细菌（P<0.05）。鸡舍、猪舍、牛舍空气微生物粒径各级分布比例基本一致。在鸡舍、猪舍、牛舍每天约有6.1×105CFU、4.7×104CFU和3.6×104CFU气载细菌微生物可分别进入人和动物小支气管或直接进入肺泡,从而对人和动物健康构成潜在危害。     

甜菜碱的生理学功能及其在畜牧生产中应用的研究进展简

甜菜碱及其盐酸盐作为一种高活性的甲基供体,在甲基代谢中起着重要的营养调控作用,同时具有调节体内渗透压、促进脂肪与氨基酸代谢、增强蛋白质合成和改善肉品质等重要作用,故甜菜碱作为一种新型、安全的营养性添加剂在饲料工业和动物生产中得到了越来越广泛的应用。作者综合近年来国内外有关甜菜碱的文献报道,就其生理学功能及其在畜牧生产中的应用进行综述。     

兽用止痢、止泻中草药制剂的质量检测及制备(英文)

[目的]制订止痢、止泻兽用中草药制剂的质量检验标准。[方法]分别采用理化鉴别和紫外分光光度计的定性检测对比试验。[结果]蒸馏水法检测的最大吸收峰峰值相差大于1 nm;0.9%盐酸法和60%乙醇法得出最大吸收峰的峰值相差小于1 nm,次吸收峰的峰值差别也均小于1 nm。[结论]选用0.9%盐酸法和60%乙醇法作为兽用止痢、止泻中草药制剂的质量检测标准。     

不同畜禽粪肥与化肥配施下黑土中Zn含量及形态变化特征

通过培养实验并采用改进的BCR连续提取法研究了不同畜禽粪肥与化肥配施作用下黑土中Zn含量及形态在3年内动态变化特征。研究结果显示:不同畜禽粪肥与化肥配施增加了土壤中Zn总量和土壤各形态Zn含量,其中猪粪与化肥配施处理Zn总量为单施化肥处理的1.69倍,各形态Zn含量平均增幅达238.9%;不同畜禽粪肥与化肥配施还导致了Zn由生物有效性低的可氧化态和残渣态向生物有效性高的酸可提取态和可还原态转化,转化程度依次为猪粪与化肥配施鸡粪与化肥配施牛粪与化肥配施、单施化肥。在对影响Zn形态转化因素进行相关分析时发现:不论施肥与否,土壤中酸可提取态和可还原态Zn均与pH值、有机质含量呈显著负相关关系,而可氧化态和残渣态Zn与pH值、有机质含量呈显著正相关关系。此外,不同畜禽粪肥与化肥配施使得土壤中残渣态Zn与pH值间正相关性增强,而对各形态Zn与有机质含量间相关性影响不大。本研究条件下,畜禽粪肥与化肥配施造成了Zn在土壤中积累,提高了Zn的生物有效性,因而增加了土壤Zn污染风险;而不同粪肥间以猪粪与化肥配施对Zn污染影响最为显著,牛粪与化肥配施则与单施化肥差别不大。