我国西部农村特色农业发展中几个问题的思考

从区域优势、商品经济、市场需求和服务体系4个方面。探讨了我国西部农村的特色农业发展。认为：（1）区域优势是发展特色农业的基础，特色农产品在产量、尤其在品质上与其他地区相比，需具有明显的优势；（2）商品经济是发展特色农业的根本，特色农产品应该是绿色产品，且具有较强的市场竞争力和品牌效益。以及与市场容量相适宜的规模；（3）市场需求是发展特色农业的关键，需要通过大力发展农产品的深加工业，改变人们的消费形式来扩展和创造市场需求。树立市场风险意识，加强对市场风险的分析判断来避免市场风险。建立产业化组织与农民之间利益共享，风险共担的经营机制，探索农业生产风险的商业保险机制，完善农产品价格保护和价格补贴制度，建立农产品风险基金制度来抵御市场风险；（4）服务体系是发展特色农业的重点。建立市场化的农村社会化服务新体系，包括农产品的生产、加工、储藏、运输、销售等系列化服务，尤其是要加强技术服务、信息服务和销售服务。     

福建省农业机械化现状与发展

分析了福建省农业机械化的现状及制约因素，借鉴日本国、台湾省实现农业机械化的成功经验，进而从福建的实际出发，探讨了农业机械化的发展。     

农用物资调配决策支持系统

该文研制和设计了农用物资调配决策支持系统，从而为农用物资管理部门实现计算机管理提供了理论依据。     

河南省农用地生态安全评价探讨

从生态系统完整性要求和评价结果实用性角度出发,论述了生态安全评价单元的确定,并将河南省18个地市作为评价单元,结合农用地生态安全评价特点,利用多因素综合评定法和系统聚类法相结合方法,借助MAPGIS和SPSS软件对河南省18个评价单元进行生态安全评价,评价结果在评价单元较少情况下可体现各级别差异和级别内评价单元间良好的相关性。     

农作系统研究方法在持续农作系统发展研究中的应用

农作系统方法可划分为农作系统分析和农作系统研究。在发展中国家农作系统方法已被广泛地应用于改善农场技术和提高土地生产率。在西方国家已将这一方法应用于研究和发展持续农作系统。本文将简要介绍农作系统方法以及在研究和发展持续农作系统中的应用，并对研究结果进行综述。     

Sustainable Management of Nutrients in Forage-Based Pasture Soils: Effect of Animal Congregation Sites (5 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Grazing animals have a dominant effect on the movement and utilization of nutrients through the soil and plant system, and thus on the fertility of pasture soils. Grazing can accelerate and alter the timing of nutrient transfers, and increase the amount of nutrients cycled from plant to soil. Long periods, position of shade, and water resources for grazing cattle can influence the spatial distribution of soil biochemical properties including soil organic carbon (C), total extractable inorganic nitrogen (TEIN), and Melich 1 extractable total phosphorus (TP). The objective of this study is to test whether cattle congregation sites typical on most Florida ranches, such as mineral feeders, water troughs, and shade areas are more nutrient-rich and may contribute more nutrients to surface and groundwater supply than in other pasture locations under Florida conditions. Materials and Methods: Baseline soil samples around and beneath three congregations sites in established (>10 yr) grazed beef cattle pastures at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Subtropical Agricultural Research Station (STARS), Brooksville, FL, were collected in 2003, 2004, and 2005. Results: The levels of soil TEIN and TP were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) affected by the interaction of congregation sites and distance away from the center of the sites. Mineral feeders had the highest concentration of TP followed by shades and water troughs. The concentrations of soil TP decreased almost linearly with distance (x = meter) away from the center of the mineral feeders (-5.24x + 55.10; R2 = 0.92; p ≤ 0.001) and the shades (-6.25x + 57.21; R2 = 0.85; p ≤ 0.001). However, the level of TP around the water troughs (-0.25x + 16.91; R2 = 0.09) does not appear to change significantly with distance, staying close to about 13-18 mg kg-1. The levels of TEIN decreased linearly with distance away from the mineral feeders from the center of the shades. A linear model can describe the relationship between TEIN and distance away from the center of shades: -11.3x + 78.2; R2 = 0.95; p ≤ 0.001. The shaded sites (34.25 ± 1.7 mg kg-1) had higher levels than the mineral feeders (7.22 ± 0.60 mg kg-1) or water troughs (10.06 ± 0.8 mg kg-1) sites. Discussion: The higher soil TP near and around the mineral feeders can be attributed to the presence of phosphorus in the supplemental feeds. The average level of soil TP in the mineral feeders of 34.05 ± 0.44 mg kg-1 was not high enough to be of environmental concern. Losses of soil phosphorus by overland flow are becoming a big concern when the concentrations for soil phosphorus exceeded 150 mg kg-1 in the upper 20 cm of soils. With TN, the shaded sites (34.25 ± 1.7 mg kg-1) had either higher levels than the mineral feeders (7.22 ± 0.60 mg kg-1) or water trough (10.06 ± 0.80 mg kg-1) sites. Higher TEIN content at the shade sites may have been more likely due to frequent urination of animals and lack of vegetation immediately adjacent to shades. The lack of vegetation within and/or near the shades then had no uptake mechanism for removal of inorganic nitrogen, unlike the heavy demand for inorganic nitrogen by bahiagrass in other areas of the pasture. An accumulation of TEIN immediately adjacent to shades could lead to a potential point source that would be susceptible to leaching or gaseous losses to the environment. Conclusions: Early results of the study are suggesting that cattle congregation sites in beef cattle operations in Florida are not nutrient-rich, therefore may not contribute more nutrients to surface and groundwater supply under Florida conditions. Recommendations and Perspectives: Since there is no apparent vertical build up or horizontal movement of TEIN and TP in the landscape, we can then surmise that cattle congregation sites may be considered not a potential source of nutrients at the watershed level, at least on the sand ridge soils in Florida. Further research is continuing, including sampling at cattle congregation sites at other locations in north and south Florida, which started in July 2004.     

Transformation of fertilizer P in a Vertisol amended with farmyard manure

Availability, fixation, and transformation of added P were studied in a 16-week incubation experiment with a Vertisol amended with farmyard manure in pots with 500 g soil each. P availability, as measured by Olsen P, decreased for up to 8 weeks with various rates of added P, when no manure was applied. In the presence of farmyard manure, P availability decreased during the first 6 weeks and then showed a considerable increase from the 8th week onwards. P fixation increased for up to 8 weeks with the rates of P in the absence of manure. With manure application, P fixation increased only during the first 6 weeks and thereafter decreased continuously. Thus the presence of farmyard manure shortened the period of P fixation and promoted its availability. After 16 weeks of incubation, when manure and fertilizer P were applied together, P was transformed into labile organic (NaHCO₃–P), moderately labile organic P (NaOH-P), and calcium-bound inorganic P (HCl-P). When manure was not applied. P accumulated predominantly as labile inorganic (NaHCO₃–P), moderately labile inorganic (NaOH-P), and inorganic HCl-P. The application of farmyard manure enriched long-term P fertility through NaHCO₃–P and NaOH–P and a shortterm P supply as HCl-P. All fractions except inorganic NaOH-P showed good relationships with Olsen P.     

Effects of different management practices on the soil–water balance and crop yield for improved dryland farming in the Chinese Loess Plateau

Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of different soil management practices on the water balance, precipitation use efficiency (PUE), and crop yield (i.e. winter wheat and peanut) on a loess soil near Luoyang (east edge of the Chinese Loess Plateau, Henan Province, China). Field plots were set up in 1999 including following soil management practices: subsoiling with mulch (SS), no-till with mulch (NT), reduced tillage (RT), two crops per year (i.e. winter wheat and peanut, TC), and a conventional tillage control (CT). The field plots were equipped to monitor all components of the soil–water balance except evapotranspiration, which was computed by solving the water balance equation. The results showed that although soil management had smaller influence on the magnitude of the water balance components than did precipitation variations, small influences of the applied soil management practices on water conservation during the fallow period can greatly affect winter wheat yield. SS increased consistently precipitation storage efficiency (PSE) and PUE over the 5 years compared to CT except during the wettest year. NT also had a noticeable effect on postharvest water storage during the fallow period; however, the influence on yield of NT depended on the amount of precipitation. TC lowered the winter wheat yield mainly due to the unfavorable soil moisture conditions after growing peanut in summer; however, the harvested peanut gained an extra profit for the local farmer. No matter which kind of soil management practices was adapted, PSE never exceeded 41.6%, which was primarily attributed to high evapotranspiration. From data of five consecutive agricultural years between 2000 and 2005, it could be concluded that SS resulted in the highest PSE, PUE and crop yield. TC also showed promising results considering the economic value of the second crop. NT performed slightly less as SS. CT gave intermediate results, whereas RT was the worst alternative.     

流域农业土地生态价值内涵及应用分析

农业生态系统服务价值与其他产品生产密切相关。生态系统作为生产输入会提供服务价值,而其通常被看作购置性投入的替代品,利于成本降低。农业生态系统保护与粮食产量增加存在动态均衡,两者具有"下跌"关系。农业生产者为实现土地利用层面的利润最大化,对生态系统服务的更大依赖将导致农田产量削减。通过构建农业生态系统生产函数模型,合理确定替代条件和产出结果,量化研究种植土地保留数量与提供生态系统服务土地数量的分配比例。以永定河上游流域为典型区,借助用于生产的土地产量弹性计算,流域每增加1%的生态系统服务用地,对应农作物产量将缩减2.7%。虽对农业生态价值"下跌"影响从微级视角给出量化分析模型,但对生产中生态保护政策影响的研究仍需深化。