兰州市4种常见园林观花地被植物抗旱性比较研究

以兰州市4种常见园林观花地被植物为研究对象,通过采用人工模拟不同土壤水分胁迫,分组测定各参试植物的株高、叶绿素、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量等指标, 并用隶属函数法对其抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫的加剧,植物的株高、叶绿素含量与对照相比呈不同程度的下降趋势,金盏菊(Calendula officinalis)株高降幅最大,叶绿素含量万寿菊(Tagetes erecta)下降高于其他植物;叶片脯氨酸和丙二醛的含量随干旱程度的增加而升高,万寿菊脯氨酸含量增幅较大,丙二醛含量金盏菊增幅较大;4种地被植物的抗旱性强弱顺序依次为金盏菊> 矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida)> 一串红(Salvia splendens)> 万寿菊。研究表明,植物的株高、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量与其实际抗旱性密切相关,可作为评价园林地被植物抗旱性的有效指标。     

铅、镉胁迫对饲用高粱生长及铅、镉吸收和累积的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同浓度的土壤外源重金属Pb,Cd及其复合胁迫对饲用高粱（Sorghum vulgare）生长的影响及其对Pb和Cd的积累能力。结果表明：随着Pb和Cd单一及复合胁迫浓度的增加,饲用高粱株高、生物量呈降低趋势,Pb和Cd含量呈增加趋势,茎鞘Cd含量及Cd累积量高于叶片,叶片Pb含量及Pb累积量高于茎鞘。在复合胁迫下,低、中浓度的Pb和Cd处理表现出相互促进吸收累积,高浓度处理表现出相互抑制吸收累积的特性,饲用高粱对Cd的富集能力远大于Pb。研究结果将为利用饲用高粱修复重金属污染土壤提供理论依据。     

Predicting tree regeneration in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis> snag stands

A bark beetle (Ips typographus) infestation caused the death of almost all Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees in a mountain forest in the Swiss Alps. We developed a tree regeneration model, ‘RegSnag’ (=REGeneration in a SNAG stand), to project the future amount and height of tree regeneration in these snag stands. The model combines a height-class structured tree module with a microsite-based module of snag decay and ground-vegetation succession. Microsite-specific rates of germination, mortality and height growth were modelled for four tree species (Picea abies, Sorbus aucuparia, Acer pseudoplatanus and Betula pendula) in eight height classes (from seedlings to saplings 5 m tall) and on 26 microsite types (e.g. moss, grass). Model tests with independent field data from 8 years after the Picea die-back demonstrated that microsites had a considerable effect on the development of tree regeneration on both the montane and the subalpine level. With microsite-specific parameters, the height and frequency of Picea in each microsite could be simulated more accurately than without considering microsite effects (e.g. bias of 8 vs. 119 saplings ha⁻¹ on the montane level). Results of simulations 40 years into the future suggest that about 330–930 Picea saplings per ha out of those that germinated in 1994 and 1996 will reach a height of 5 m within 30–35 years after Picea die-back. This is due to differences in seed inflow and browsing intensities. Picea and not Betula or Sorbus trees will replace the current herbaceous vegetation in these snag stands.     

铺地竹生长节律的观测

从出笋、退笋、高生长规律3个方面对铺地竹的生长发育规律进行了系统的观察,结果表明:铺地竹从3月中旬开始陆续出土,一直到4月中旬,共持续37 d.前期和盛期所出的笋成竹率比较高,并且所成的竹比较强壮.退笋一般发生在10 cm以下的高度.竹秆的高生长遵循慢一快一慢的规律,历时39 d左右,后期出土的笋能较快完成高生长是由于其生长初期和末期时间短的缘故.铺地竹高生长和土壤温度呈显著正相关关系.     

利用温度露点差判别沈阳地区云体的统计分析

利用2004年5、6月和2005年7、8月沈阳观象台的探空资料及棋盘山新一代天气雷达的三维体扫资料,应用压高方程和相对湿度与露点的关系,按不同温度、高度范围和温度露点差统计云体出现的频数,并对统计数据进行二元二次回归和历史拟合,得到沈阳地区夏季不同温度、高度条件下识别云体的温度露点差指标。将该指标与数值预报产品中的温度露点差值进行比较,即可得知未来沈阳地区的云顶相对高度范围和温度,进而判断未来降水云系的人工增雨潜力并制定人工增雨作业方案。     

不同高生长阶段毛竹器官含水率的测定

在天目山自然保护区对毛竹在2008和2009年的高生长及2009年的竹蔸、叶、秆、鞭和笋5个器官的含水率进行了测定。结果表明,在大、小年的高生长（Pn）与出土生长时间（t）的关系均呈＂S＂形曲线;竹蔸的含水率范围为0.33~0.70,竹叶为0.32~0.63,竹秆为0.32~0.58,竹鞭为0.36~0.61,竹笋为0.46~0.90,其中竹笋含水率最高,变化也最大,其次是竹蔸、叶、鞭和秆;毛竹地下部分的含水率范围为0.34~0.62,地上部分为0.33~0.57。     

近10年沈阳对流层顶高度及温度变化特征

利用2005—2014年沈阳探空站高空观测资料,采用趋势分析方法,对近10年沈阳两类对流层顶高度和温度特征进行对比分析。结果表明,沈阳全年各月均可观测到复合对流层顶,两类对流层顶存在明显的季节差异;第1对流层顶的平均高度在夏季相对较高,冬季相对较低,第2对流层顶的平均高度在全年变化较为平稳。对于对流层顶的温度,夏季、冬季和年平均温度均呈上升趋势,春季呈弱上升趋势;多年平均值的年变化表现为第1对流层顶温度夏秋季最高,春季最低,变化幅度相对较小;第2对流层顶温度夏季最高,冬季最低,变化幅度相对较大。     

不同规格微型蒸渗仪测定土壤蒸发的试验研究

以陕北风沙土为研究对象,比较了微型蒸渗仪高度(10、15、20和25 cm)、内径(10和15 cm)和封底材料(薄铁皮和细纱布)对土壤蒸发测定结果的影响。结果表明,不同规格蒸渗仪测定的土壤蒸发量具有很好的相关性。当内径为10 cm时,土壤蒸发量的测定值随高度的增加而增加,高度为20 cm时的测定值显著大于10 cm时。当高度为10 cm时,将内径由10 cm增加至15 cm对土壤蒸发的测定没有显著影响。高度和内径一定时,将封底材料由薄铁皮换为细纱布时测定的土壤蒸发量显著增加。高度为20 cm时,土壤蒸发测定的精度最高,为98.5%,其次是高度为25 cm和15 cm时,精度分别为96.3%和93.5%。综合考虑精度和便捷性,推荐使用高度为20 cm、内径为10 cm且用薄铁皮封底的微型蒸渗仪。     

基于两水平混合模型的杂种落叶松胸径和树高生长模拟1）

以江山娇实验林场的16块杂种落叶松密度对比标准地为研究对象,使用非线性最小二乘法,对4种常用胸径和树高生长模型拟合优度进行比较,最终选择Schumacher 方程作为混合模型的基础模型。考虑林分效应和林木效应,采用两水平嵌套混合模型的方法,通过R软件进行不同参数混合作用的模拟,选择收敛的AIC、BIC和对数似然值最小的混合模型作为最优模型,最后将其与传统模型进行拟合优度的比较。结果表明：胸径生长模型中将林分效应作用于参数a1、林木效应作用于参数a0和a1,树高生长方程中将林分效应和林木效应作用于参数a0时的混合模型最优,可将胸径和树高生长传统模型的确定系数从0．7510和0．9008提高到0．9463和0．9474,均方根误差也大幅缩小,并且较好地消除了异方差现象,说明通过构造方差协方差矩阵可以校正随机参数以反映树木之间生长的差异。     

Tolerance of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to saflufenacil

Saflufenacil is a new herbicide being developed by BASF for pre-emergence application for broadleaved weed control in maize and other crops. Three field studies were conducted in Ontario, Canada over a 2-year period (2006 and 2007) to evaluate the tolerance of spring cereals (barley, oats, and wheat) to pre-emergence and post-emergence applications of saflufenacil at 50 and 100 g ai ha⁻¹. Saflufenacil pre-emergence caused minimal visible injury (1% or less) at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after emergence and had no adverse effect on plant height or yield of barley, oats, and wheat. Saflufenacil plus the surfactant Merge (1% v/v) applied post-emergence caused as much as 76, 60, 52 and 35% visible injury in spring cereals at 3, 7, 14 and 28 DAT, respectively. Injury with saflufenacil plus Merge applied post-emergence decreased over time and was generally greater as dose increased. Saflufenacil plus Merge applied post-emergence reduced plant height by as much as 16% and reduced yield of spring barley and wheat by 24 and 13%, respectively, but had no effect on the yield of spring oats. Based on these results, saflufenacil applied pre-emergence at the proposed dose can be safely used in spring planted barley, oats and wheat; however, the post-emergence application of saflufenacil results in unacceptable injury and yield loss. These results are consistent with the proposed pre-emergence use pattern for saflufenacil.