有机酸对Cu Pb Cd在土壤表面竞争吸附的影响

选择一种红壤和一种水稻土,研究低分子量有机酸对Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)在这2种土壤中竞争吸附的影响,并与单一体系中的结果进行比较。结果表明,由于柠檬酸和酒石酸与Cd(Ⅱ)形成络合物的稳定常数较小,2种有机酸对2种土壤中Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附均表现出促进作用,而且这种促进作用随有机酸初始浓度的增加而增大。酒石酸促进了红壤对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附,而且低pH下的促进作用大于高pH下的作用。pH4.2时酒石酸对水稻土吸附Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)有一定的促进作用;在pH5.2时酒石酸使水稻土对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附量减小,但对Pb的吸附基本无影响。柠檬酸对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附的影响表现为峰形曲线,即吸附量随有机酸浓度的增加而增大,在某一浓度时达最大,然后逐渐减小。在较高浓度和较高pH下,柠檬酸对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附表现出一定程度的抑制作用,特别在水稻土中。由于红壤游离氧化铁的含量比水稻土高得多,有机酸对红壤吸附重金属离子的促进作用大于水稻土中的作用,相反有机酸对水稻土吸附重金属离子的抑制作用大于红壤中的作用。虽然在竞争条件下有机酸对某一重金属离子吸附的促进作用小于单一体系中的,但竞争条件下所有重金属离子吸附增量的总和大于单一体系中单个离子的吸附增量。在柠檬酸体系中,低pH下Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)在单一体系中的吸附量高于竞争体系中的,但在高pH下结果相反,这主要与柠檬酸在不同pH下对重金属离子吸附的影响机理不同有关。     

基于田块尺度土壤重金属空间分布及其生态风险评价

为了揭示田块尺度上土壤重金属污染特征及空间分布,以河南省新乡县翟坡镇某冬小麦种植农田为研究对象,采集了202个农田表层0～20 cm土壤和40个0～100 cm剖面土壤样品,分析了土壤样品中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni和Mn的含量特征,运用地统计分析中的普通克里格插值法研究土壤重金属的空间分布规律,并结合地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对研究区土壤重金属的生态风险进行评价。结果表明,研究区表层土壤Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni和Mn均值为0.95、24.35、6.40、35.52、319.60、21.76mg·kg^-1和157.32 mg·kg^-1。Cr、Cd、Pb含量均超过河南省土壤重金属含量背景值,其中Cr、Cd含量超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 15618—2018)筛选值,点位超标率分别为98%和100%。总体来看,土壤重金属含量随着剖面深度增加而降低,调查区南部的部分区域重金属含量偏高。从地质累积指数法与潜在生态危害指数法两种方法来看,Cd污染最为严重,生态风险较高,应当对该区域土壤Cd污染采取一定...     

渭北旱塬连续40年苹果园土壤重金属元素分布特征研究

文中对洛川塬面40年连续果林园土壤的Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn、Mn分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:洛川塬苹果园土壤中除Cu外,Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn、Mn五种元素都表现为剖面上、下部含量基本相同或下部含量高于上部的含量。尽管Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn、Mn含量未超出土壤环境质量标准,但均高于区域背景值,元素在土壤中发生了累积。主要原因为人类活动造成土层结构的破坏,以及对果园施肥、喷药等管理环节,导致重金属元素向深部的迁移和积累。     

土壤重金属镉、铅、锌胁迫对小白菜生长状况的影响

[目的]采用添加外源重金属和盆栽试验的方法,研究土壤重金属胁迫对小白菜生长状况及生物量的影响.[方法]通过对土壤添加外源Cd、Pb、Zn进行室内盆栽试验,设置不同浓度的胁迫试验,研究不同浓度重金属胁迫作用下小白菜生长状况和生物量的影响.[结果]在生长初期,Cd、Pb、Zn胁迫对小白菜生长并未表现出明显抑制作用,小白菜生...     

Sewage sludge processing determines its impact on soil microbial community structure and function

Composting and thermal drying are amongst the most commonly used post-digestion processes for allowing sanitation and biological stabilization of sewage sludge from municipal treatment plants, and making it suitable as soil conditioner for use in agriculture. To assess the impact of sludge-derived materials on soil microbial properties, fresh (LAF), composted (LAC) and thermally dried (LAT) sludge fractions, each resulting from a different post-treatment process of a same aerobically digested sewage sludge, were added at 1% (w/w) application rate on two contrasting (a loam and a loamy sand) soils and incubated under laboratory conditions for 28 days. Soil respiration, microbial ATP content, hydrolytic activities and arginine ammonification rate were monitored throughout the incubation period. Results showed that soil biochemical variables, including the metabolic quotient (qCO₂), were markedly stimulated after sludge application, and the magnitude of this stimulatory effect was dependent on sludge type (precisely LAT > LAF > LAC), but not on soil type. This effect was related to the content of stable organic matter, which was lower in LAT. Genetic fingerprinting by PCR–DGGE revealed that compositional shifts of soil bacterial and, at greater extent, actinobacterial communities were responsive to the amendment with a differing sludge fraction. The observed time-dependent changes in the DGGE profiles of amended soils reflected the microbial turnover dependent on the sludge nutrient input, whereas no indications of adverse effects of sludge-borne contaminants were noted. Our findings indicate that composting rather thermal drying can represent a more appropriate post-digestion process to make sewage sludge suitable for use as soil conditioner in agriculture.     

菜用睡莲营养成分及重金属含量测定与评价

对绿梗菜用睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona)及红梗菜用睡莲的15营养成分和4种重金属含量进行了测定与评价。结果表明,1与104~140种(品种)新鲜蔬菜已知数据比较,绿梗和红梗菜用睡莲均有较高含量的维生素C、钠及较低含量的干物质、蛋白质、钾、钙、镁、铜、锌、磷及硒;绿梗菜用睡莲有较高含量的粗纤维、锰及较低含量的铁,红梗菜用睡莲有较高含量的铁及较低含量的粗纤维。2菜用睡莲是一种含钠量较高的蔬菜。3绿梗菜用睡莲营养成分含量总体高于红梗菜用睡莲。4湖北产区菜用睡莲的铅、砷、镉及汞等重金属含量符合食品安全国家标准的规定。     

重金属污染土壤几种生物修复方式比较

土壤重金属污染是全球普遍存在的问题,生物修复因其环境友好且成本效益高而得到广泛关注。但不同生物修复技术有其优势和局限性,充分了解每种修复技术的特点,才能更经济、有效地对污染土壤进行修复。本研究阐述对比了目前的土壤重金属生物修复方法,包括植物修复（植物挥发、植物固定和植物提取）、转基因植物提取、螯合辅助植物修复、微生物辅助植物修复等技术的机制、优势、局限性和适用性等方面的差异。综述提出有效的生物修复技术需要土壤化学、植物生物学、遗传学、微生物学和环境工程等多学科的有机结合。根据污染土壤的特点,结合具有相应改良特性的转基因植物,是实现污染土壤大面积修复的有效方法。同时,农艺措施对天然超级积累植物的生物量和重金属提取能力的刺激作用还需要进一步挖掘。植物修复可以与其他几种传统修复技术有效结合,利用转基因技术建立土壤+植物+微生物的组合是未来修复技术发展的最佳途径。     

Community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Robinia pseudoacacia in uncontaminated and heavy metal contaminated soils

The significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil remediation has been widely recognized because of their ability to promote plant growth and increase phytoremediation efficiency in heavy metal (HM) polluted soils by improving plant nutrient absorption and by influencing the fate of the metals in the plant and soil. However, the symbiotic functions of AMF in remediation of polluted soils depend on plant–fungus–soil combinations and are greatly influenced by environmental conditions. To better understand the adaptation of plants and the related mycorrhizae to extreme environmental conditions, AMF colonization, spore density and community structure were analyzed in roots or rhizosphere soils of Robinia pseudoacacia. Mycorrhization was compared between uncontaminated soil and heavy metal contaminated soil from a lead–zinc mining region of northwest China. Samples were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) screening with AMF-specific primers (NS31 and AM1), and sequencing of rRNA small subunit (SSU). The phylogenetic analysis revealed 28 AMF group types, including six AMF families: Glomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Diversisporaceae, Acaulosporaceae, Pacisporaceae, and Gigasporaceae. Of all AMF group types, six (21%) were detected based on spore samples alone, four (14%) based on root samples alone, and five (18%) based on samples from root, soil and spore. Glo9 (Rhizophagus intraradices), Glo17 (Funneliformis mosseae) and Acau3 (Acaulospora sp.) were the three most abundant AMF group types in the current study. Soil Pb and Zn concentrations, pH, organic matter content, and phosphorus levels all showed significant correlations with the AMF species compositions in root and soil samples. Overall, the uncontaminated sites had higher species diversity than sites with heavy metal contamination. The study highlights the effects of different soil chemical parameters on AMF colonization, spore density and community structure in contaminated and uncontaminated sites. The tolerant AMF species isolated and identified from this study have potential for application in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated areas.     

pH 值与金属离子浓度对多种果蔬植物色素的影响

从植物中提取的天然色素对pH值与金属离子浓度的敏感度不同,所受影响也不同。主要选取黄皮果皮色素、赤豆皮色素、柑桔皮色素、勾儿茶果、红雪茶色素,来测定pH值对它们的影响。选取,黄皮果皮色素、赤豆皮色素、勾儿茶果色素、红雪茶色素来测定金属离子浓度对他们的影响,从而探讨这些色素对pH值与金属离子的稳定性。     

重金属Cd、Pb复合污染对植物生理生化和细胞结构影响的研究进展

我国受重金属污染的土地面积广大,因采矿等造成的环境和土壤重金属污染问题日趋严重。因金属矿床形成特点及开采方式单一等原因,造成Cd、Pb居于重金属复合污染前列。通过总结单一Cd、Pb污染对植物生理生化特征的影响以及Cd、Pb复合污染对植物生理生化及细胞结构的影响等研究进展,明晰土壤重金属Cd、Pb复合污染对植物影响和损害的研究热点,进而探明植物重金属胁迫的生理响应机制。