种植模式对新丰生姜生产力与土壤环境的影响

[目的]研究种植模式对新丰生姜生产力与土壤环境的影响.[方法]通过常规化学分析方法及相应的选择性培养基培养法,对大棚生姜-水稻水旱轮作模式和露地生姜种植模式的土壤微生物和重金属含量进行比对,并对单位面积嫩姜的产量和效益进行测算.[结果]在大棚生姜-水稻水旱轮作模式下的整个轮作周期内,土壤中真菌和放线菌的数量都低于露地生姜种植模式,土壤中细菌在大棚生姜-水稻水旱轮作模式下水稻的整个生育期内都显著低于露地生姜种植模式,同时大棚生姜-水稻水旱轮作模式土壤中的Cu、Zn、As、Pb都低于露地生姜种植模式,而土壤中Ni的含量略高于露地生姜种植模式.大棚生姜-水稻水旱轮作模式提高了生姜的产量和经济效益.[结论]该研究可为大棚生姜-水稻水旱轮作模式的推广提供理论依据.     

渭北旱塬连续40年苹果园土壤重金属元素分布特征研究

文中对洛川塬面40年连续果林园土壤的Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn、Mn分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:洛川塬苹果园土壤中除Cu外,Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn、Mn五种元素都表现为剖面上、下部含量基本相同或下部含量高于上部的含量。尽管Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni、Zn、Mn含量未超出土壤环境质量标准,但均高于区域背景值,元素在土壤中发生了累积。主要原因为人类活动造成土层结构的破坏,以及对果园施肥、喷药等管理环节,导致重金属元素向深部的迁移和积累。     

Short- and long-term effects of heavy metals on phosphatase activity in soils: An ecological dose-response model approach

Summary The aim of this study was to provide manageable data to help establish permissible limits for the pollution of soil by heavy metals. Therefore the short-and long-term effects of heavy metal pollution on phosphatase activity was studied in five different soil types. The results are presented graphically as logistic dose-response curves. It was possible to construct a curve for sand and silty loam soil but it was more difficult to establish a curve for sandy loam and clay soil and nearly impossible (except for Cu) for peat. The toxicity of the various metals can be compared on the basis of mmol values. In clay soils, for Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn, the 50% effective ecological dose (ED₅₀) values were comparable (approximately 45 mmol kg^–1), but the ED₁₀ values were very different, at 7.4, 41.4, 15.1, and 0.55, respectively. At the ED₅₀ value, toxicity did not decrease with time and, in sandy soils, was approximately 2.6 mmol kg ^–1 dry soil for Cd, Cu, and Zn. In four out of five soils, the Cd toxicity was higher 1.5 years after the addition of heavy metal salts than after 6 weeks. Toxicity was least in the sandy loam, silty loam, and clay soil, and varied in general between 12 and 88 mmol kg^–1. In setting limits, the criteria selected (no-effect level, ED₁₀ or ED₅₀) determine the concentration and also the toxicity of the sequence. It is suggested that the data presented here could be very useful in helping to set permissible limits for heavy metal soil pollution.     

Modulation of Uptake and Translocation of Iron and Copper from Root to Shoot in Common Bean by Siderophore-Producing Microorganisms

Microbes have developed high-affinity uptake mechanisms to assimilate iron (Fe) and other metals such as aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu). Siderophores, which are metal chelating compounds, and membrane receptor proteins are involved in these specialized mechanisms. A few siderophore-producing microorganisms associated with plant roots also influence the uptake of some metals. In this study, the potential microbial-assisted Cu and Fe uptake by Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) plants was evaluated. Seedlings of cultivated common bean varieties Bayo-INIFAP (B) and Negro-150 (N) and wild types yellowish (WY) and black (WB) were developed in the presence of a Cu and Fe solution and associated with the siderophore-producing microorganisms R. leguminosarumbv. Phaseoli (strains 19, 44, and 46); Pseudomonas fluorescens(strain Avm), and Azospirillum brasilense (strain 154). Seedlings of cultivated variety N and black wild type WB inoculated with the strain CPMex.44 accumulated 71% and 30% more Fe than the un-inoculated plants, respectively; however, the wild black bean accumulated the highest absolute amount of Fe (221.56 mg/kg of dry matter) as compared with the cultivated black variety N (126.16 mg/kg of dry matter) (P < 0.05). In the wild type WY seedlings, the highest Fe accumulation was observed when the seeds were inoculated with the Pseudomonas strain Avm (206 mg/kg of dry matter) (P < 0.05). The interaction of Pseudomonas strain Avm with seedlings of the cultivated B variety and the wild type WB promoted the highest accumulation of Cu (51 and 54 mg/kg of dry matter, respectively), 7 and 14 mg more than in the respective non-inoculated seedlings. No promotion of Fe accumulation was observed in the seedlings of the cultivated B variety and in roots; instead, less Fe was accumulated. The wild type WY did not show any improvement in Cu accumulation. In this study, Rhizobiumstrains promoted Fe but not Cu uptake in P. vulgaris seedlings while Pseudomonas strains promoted the uptake of both Cu and Fe.     

喷施硅铈溶胶缓解镉铅对小白菜毒害的研究

通过大田试验,在轻度镉-铅复合污染菜地向小白菜叶面喷施不同浓度的硅溶胶、铈溶胶及硅铈复合溶胶,研究其对产量、品质、抗氧化酶活性及Cd、Pb吸收的影响。结果表明,喷施硅铈溶胶均能促进小白菜生长,增加小白菜生物量和提高维生素C、可溶性糖的含量,降低亚硝酸盐的含量;显著增强抗氧化系统保护酶(SOD、POD)活性和降低小白菜地下部、地上部中镉、铅的含量及累积量。在不同浓度的施硅和施铈处理中,喷施0.50 g kg-1SiO2处理和0.20 g kg-1CeO2处理在增产、提升品质和缓解重金属对小白菜毒害上效果最佳,喷施硅铈复合溶胶虽效果显著,但与单独施硅、施铈相比无明显提高。     

土壤重金属污染现状与修复技术研究进展

阐述了土壤重金属污染物的来源和重金属污染土壤修复技术研究现状,分析了各种修复技术的优缺点、实用性与发展动态,为土壤重金属污染综合治理与修复提出了新的思路。     

肥料重金属含量状况及施肥对土壤和作物重金属富集的影响

本文对肥料中重金属的含量状况以及施肥对土壤和农作物重金属累积影响的研究进展进行了系统分析和总结。过磷酸钙中锌（Zn）、 铜（Cu）、 镉（Cd）、 铅（Pb）含量高于氮肥、 钾肥和三元复合肥,有机-无机复混肥料中的Pb含量高于其他化肥。有机肥如畜禽粪便、 污泥及其堆肥中的重金属含量高于化肥,猪粪中的Cu、 Zn、 砷（As）、 Cd含量明显高于其他有机废弃物,鸡粪中铬（Cr）含量高;污泥和垃圾堆肥中Pb或汞（Hg）含量高。商品有机肥Zn、 Pb和镍（Ni）含量高于堆肥,Hg含量高于畜禽粪便。多数研究表明,氮磷钾配施与不施肥相比土壤Cd和Pb含量增加,施用有机肥比不施肥提高土壤Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cd含量。施用化肥对农作物重金属富集的影响不明确,而施用有机肥可提高作物可食部位Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb 的含量,影响大小与有机肥种类、 用量、 土壤类型和pH以及作物种类等有很大关系。在今后的研究中应着重以下几个方面, 1）典型种植体系下土壤重金属的投入/产出平衡; 2）不同种植体系下长期不同施肥措施对土壤重金属含量、 有效性影响的动态趋势; 3）典型种植体系和施肥措施下土壤对重金属的最高承载年限; 4）现有施肥措施下肥料中重金属的最高限量标准。     

某再生铅工业园周边土壤重金属的空间分布及来源分析

基于表层土壤重金属的实测含量,运用多元统计和地统计相结合的方法,对某再生铅工业园周边土壤重金属的分布情况和来源进行分析。结果表明,再生铅工业园周边土壤中Pb、Cd、As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn的几何平均含量分别为124.05、0.394、21.18、82.72、24.23、35.47、62.04 mg/kg。其中Pb、Cd、As分别是背景值的4.96、2.90、1.84倍,其余重金属元素含量与土壤背景值相当。重金属Pb、Cd在临近工业园区域含量较大,以工业园为中心呈岛状空间分布,且在工业园东部呈扩散趋势;As在周边农田中具有一定的累积量。来源分析表明,土壤中Pb、Cd主要受工业园生产活动的影响,而As则可能受到农业生产活动的影响。     

人工湿地去除畜禽养殖废水污染物研究进展

为研究人工湿地在畜禽养殖废水中处理污染物的现状,以“人工湿地”、“畜禽养殖废水或污水”、“畜禽养殖污染”、“营养物质”、“重金属”、“抗生素”和“抗生素基因”等为关键词,搜索ISI web of knowledge、SpringerLink、中国知网、万方数据库等数据库,对2007-2020年发表的相关文献进行归纳和分...     

APCAs在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用综述

土壤重金属污染来源广泛、危害严重,已经成为环境污染防治中的热点与难点问题.近年来,植物修复技术因其经济、高效而在土壤重金属污染修复领域得到关注,但受土壤中重金属生物有效性的影响,在很大程度上限制了该技术的应用,螯合诱导植物修复技术应运而生.本文在回顾螯合诱导植物修复技术发展概况的基础上,重点综述了EDTA、EDDS、NTA等多羧基氨基酸及其衍生物类螯合剂(aminopolycarboxylic chelating agents,APCAs)在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用进展,系统探讨了使用螯合剂可能带来的环境风险.最后,作者对重金属污染土壤螯合诱导植物修复技术领域进行了展望,并提出了一些相关研究建议.