杂交水稻恢复系和杂交组合的耐热性评价

为减缓高温热害对水稻生产的影响,从品种出发探讨高温抗性,是水稻科研的优先领域和重大问题。本文参考农业部发布的高温行业标准评价指标,在水稻开花期,于人工气候室高温和常温处理条件下,对本课题组新育成的恢复系及生产上常用恢复系成恢727的配组品种(组合)等进行了耐高温特性鉴定,并将恢复系和品种(组合)耐热性分为5个等级。筛选鉴定出1个极耐热恢复系R4093、9个耐热恢复系(其中包括丰产性较好的恢复系,如R1015、R107等)、4个极耐热品种(组合)和25个耐热品种(组合),以及5个极不耐热恢复系、12个不耐热品种(组合)和6个极不耐热品种(组合)等。其中,耐高温对照N22、恢复系R103、R132、R642、杂交水稻品种(组合)‘川优5727’、‘宜香2115’、‘繁源A×R642’、‘中64香A×黄占’、‘川农优华占’、‘蓉18A×R1015’、‘渝香6203’和‘川优5727’在本试验中的常温结实率和相对结实率均高于70%,虽然被鉴定为中间型材料,但具有较大的耐高温潜力。试验还讨论了水稻品种的生产布局。结果表明:第Ⅰ级和第Ⅱ级品种耐高温性较好,可布局在高温易发区、高温轻发区和无高温区;第Ⅲ类品种为中间型,可布局在高温轻发区和无高温区;第Ⅳ类和第Ⅴ类品种为不耐热型和极不耐热型,可布局在无高温区,以避免高温对水稻的伤害。研究还发现父(母)本耐高温性好,不一定品种(组合)耐高温性都好,而父(母)本耐高温性不好,其品种(组合)耐高温性也不一定不好,这与父(母)本的耐高温性及配合力有关。耐热配合力好的父(母)本配出的组合多为耐热型组合,耐热配合力差的父(母)本配出的组合多为不耐热型组合。其中,恢复系R105、R642、R104和R727耐高温配合力较好,但恢复系R107、R1015耐高温配合力相对较差。不育系赣73A和内香6A的耐高温配合力较好,而繁源A、606A、608A和中64香A的耐高温配合力较差。优质稻中‘金10’耐高温配合力较好。为了更好更多地育成耐热性强的杂交稻组合,筛选耐热配合力高的亲本是关键。     

黄瓜冷激处理过程分层数值模拟与传热特性分析

为研究果蔬冷激过程中内部组织传热特征,根据果蔬生理结构特征建立并验证了柱状果蔬的分层传热模型。利用所建模型分析了以空气和冷水为处理介质时流速、果蔬尺寸、组织热物性差异对黄瓜冷激传热过程的影响。结果表明,所建模型在黄瓜中心、距中心2R/5及4R/5(R为黄瓜半径)处的平均温度误差(MEE)分别为0.423、0.377和0.842℃,最大绝对误差(MAE)为1.713℃,具有较高精度。空气流速由1 m/s增至5 m/s过程中,黄瓜降温速率增幅较大,对流换热热阻对传热过程影响较大;水流速度由0.2 m/s增至1.8 m/s过程中,黄瓜中心处降温速率增幅较小,果蔬内部热阻对传热过程具有较大影响。以水为处理介质时,物性差异的影响大于以空气为处理介质时的影响。研究结果可为果蔬冷激处理工艺优化提供理论参考。     

金线鱼鱼皮抗冻蛋白酶法制备工艺优化

为了探讨金线鱼鱼皮抗冻蛋白的酶法高效制备工艺,该文首先探究不同蛋白酶酶解获得的酶解产物的热滞活性(thermal hysteresis activity,THA)以及不同分子区间的酶解产物的热滞活性。随后以抗冻蛋白得率为指标优化了底物与酶的比例、酶解时间、酶解温度以及p H值,并采用响应面法探究抗冻蛋白的最佳酶解工艺。最后使用差示扫描量热仪(differential scanning calorimeter,DSC)测定验证抗冻蛋白的热滞活性。结果表明:在碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶以及复合蛋白酶4种酶的最佳酶解条件下,碱性蛋白酶酶解所获得抗冻蛋白热滞活性最大,选择碱性蛋白酶作为制备金线鱼鱼皮抗冻蛋白的最佳蛋白酶;截留分子量为≥5~10 k Da鱼皮蛋白的抗冻效果最佳,热滞活性达1.20?0.07℃,确定≥5~10 k Da鱼皮蛋白得率作为酶解制备工艺的指标;得到金线鱼鱼皮抗冻蛋白最佳的酶解制备工艺条件为:底物与酶比例为32∶1、酶解时间为147 min、酶解温度为50℃和p H值为9,在此条件下,金线鱼鱼皮抗冻蛋白得率为49.25%±1.34%。相比于牛血清蛋白(bovine serum albumin,BSA),其降低了溶液起始结晶的温度;在最佳的保留温度条件下,其热滞活性为1.2℃。碱性蛋白酶酶解制备鱼皮抗冻蛋白是一种快速有效的方式,酶解获得的抗冻蛋白热滞活性高。该结果为综合发展和利用金线鱼鱼皮提供一定的理论依据。     

The effect of mulching and tillage on the water and temperature regimes of a loess soil: Experimental findings and modeling

Crop residues and tillage are being advocated for their potential effectiveness to modify the soil hydrothermal regime. This study was carried out to quantify the effect of straw mulching and rotary hoeing on the soil water and thermal regimes of a loess soil. The field experiment consisted of four treatments: (1) no mulching and no rotary hoeing as control, (2) rotary hoeing, (3) wheat straw mulching, and (4) wheat straw mulching with rotary hoeing. During the study period from 5 August to 20 September 2002, soil water content and pressure head were measured daily at five soil depths (0.05, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60 m). Soil temperatures were measured at hourly resolution at three depths (0.05, 0.15 and 0.30 m). Mulching decreased soil water loss on an average by 0.39 mm d⁻¹ and rotary hoeing increased water loss on an average by 0.12 mm d⁻¹ as compared to control. Volumetric soil water contents at pF 1, 1.8 and 2.5 up to 30 cm depth were highest (0.418, 0.390, and 0.360 m³ m⁻³, respectively) with the application of wheat straw mulch and lowest (0.393, 0.363, and 0.333 m³ m⁻³, respectively) with the rotary hoeing. Soil thermal conductivity measured at pF 1, 1.8, 2.5, 3, and 3.7 decreased with increasing suctions in all the treatments. However, the tillage and mulching did not affect the soil thermal conductivity. Further, compared with the control, mulching reduced average soil temperatures by 0.74, 0.66, 0.58 °C at 0.05, 0.15, and 0.30 m, respectively, during the study period. The rotary hoeing tillage slightly increased the average soil temperature by 0.21 °C at 0.05 m depth compared to control. The tillage effect did not transmit to deeper depths. The numerical model Hydrus-1D was used to simulate the water and temperature regimes of the treatments. Simulations with hydraulic parameters derived from laboratory measurements did not yield satisfactory results. Only when the hydraulic parameters were optimized by the inverse method, simulations performed well. The largest deviations were observed in the wheat straw mulching treatment. Simulations were further improved by adjusting the potential evaporation rate from the measured data which was achieved by linking the inversion code UCODE to the Hydrus-1D. Soil temperatures at 0.05 and 0.15 m in all the treatments were modeled well, yielding root mean square errors between 0.3 and 1.7 °C. As for soil water, the largest temperature deviations were found for the mulching treatment. All simulations underestimated soil temperatures at 0.30 m. In conclusion, crop residue can be utilized as mulching to improve the soil hydrothermal regime and the Hydrus-1D model can be used as a tool for analyzing water and heat transport processes and for estimating hydraulic transport parameters under field conditions.     

苜蓿中金属肽酶对青贮过程中蛋白降解的作用

为探讨金属肽酶在苜蓿青贮过程中对蛋白的降解作用,以苜蓿（Medicago stativa L.）绿汁发酵液模拟青贮发酵过程,添加金属肽酶抑制剂后,测定发酵后第0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、4、5、7和14天时绿汁发酵液的蛋白组分。结果表明,在苜蓿发酵液发酵过程中添加金属肽酶抑制剂能够降低pH值、非蛋白氮、游离氨基酸和氨态氮含量,增加乳酸含量;发酵第14天时,抑制剂处理组非蛋白氮、游离氨基酸和氨态氮质量分数为483.98 g/kg TN,256.98 g/kg TN和26.11 g/kg TN,与对照组相比分别降低28.92%,38.59%和67.08%。金属肽酶对苜蓿发酵液蛋白降解起着一定的作用;添加金属肽酶抑制剂能够提高发酵液发酵品质。     

Molecular confirmation of candidate Hsp70 gene associated with heat tolerance in BC3F2 advanced backcross lines and their phenotypic resemblance with recurrent chilli Kulai

ABSTRACT

Domestic production of chilli in Malaysia is insufficient which accounted for 52% self-sufficiency level. Poor performance of local varieties under high temperatures above 42°C is one of the major factors affecting chilli production. This study was conducted with the objective of introgress heat-tolerant gene (Hsps) from AVPP0702 donor into Kulai using marker-assisted backcrossing. A total of 68 SSR markers, including Hsp linked markers that showed polymorphism between the parents were used to assess the generation of backcrossing; BC1F1, BC2F1, BC3F1 and BC3F2 and the average RPG percentage of the recurrent parent was found to be 81, 90, 95 and 97%, respectively. The pattern of Hsp expression in the backcross generations was similar to the donor parent (upregulated with more than 4-fold increase). Twelve improved heat tolerant chilli lines were developed. Most of the morphological and agronomical traits were recovered in the selected improved heat-tolerant genotypes from Kulai such as plant height, number of days to 50% flowering, number of fruits, fruit length and total fruit yield per plant. Improved high-yielding heat-tolerant chilli lines showed tolerance to high temperature as well as did not express any negative effect on agronomic traits in comparison with Kulai variety.     

基于Illumina测序技术挖掘Bt杀虫基因资源

苏云金芽孢杆菌作为应用最为广泛的生物农药,已经成为化学合成农药必要的补充或替代品,其杀虫蛋白基因已成功的应用到转基因抗虫作物中。本文基于海南五指山和吊罗山热带原始雨林区土壤样品筛选分离的Bt菌株资源,利用第二代测序技术Illumina对分离的特异Bt菌株的杀虫基因进行全面分析,鉴定出新型Bt杀虫蛋白基因25个,其中包括5个新型的营养期杀虫蛋白基因（vip）和3个新型cyt基因。本研究表明第二代DNA测序技术可以高效用于挖掘Bt杀虫基因资源,而获得的新型杀虫蛋白基因将进一步丰富我国能够应用的杀虫基因种类。     

相对湿度对递增性偏热环境下肉鸡体热调节及下丘脑热休克蛋白70含量的影响

本试验旨在研究相对湿度(RH)对递增性偏热环境下肉鸡体热调节及下丘脑热休克蛋白70(HSP70)含量的影响。选取21日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡180只转入环境控制舱,随机分成3组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡(公母各占1/2)。预试期7 d,温度20℃,RH 60%。正试期15 d,28日龄开始试验,将3组的RH分别调整到35%、60%和85%,温度仍为20℃;3 d为1周期,共分5个周期,从第2周期开始每周期的第1天将3组的温度均在10:00开始升高3℃并在0.5 h内达到稳定;5个周期的温度分别为20、23、26、29和32℃。结果表明:1)85%RH组肉鸡的呼吸频率极显著高于60%RH和35%RH组(P0.01),60%RH组的呼吸频率极显著高于35%RH组(P0.01);85%RH组肉鸡的体核温度显著高于60%RH组(P0.05);35%RH组肉鸡小腿和脚蹼的皮肤温度极显著高于60%RH和85%RH组(P0.01),35%RH和60%RH组肉鸡鸡冠、耳垂和眼睑的皮肤温度极显著高于85%RH组(P0.01)。2)85%RH组肉鸡的血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性显著高于35%RH和60%RH组(P0.05);35%RH和85%RH组肉鸡的血清肌酸激酶(CK)活性显著高于60%RH组(P0.05)。RH对递增性偏热环境下肉鸡的血清谷草转氨酶(AST)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性无显著影响(P0.05)。3)85%RH组肉鸡的血清三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)含量显著高于35%RH组(P0.05);35%RH和85%RH组肉鸡的血清甲状腺素(T4)含量显著高于60%RH组(P0.05);60%RH和85%RH组肉鸡的血清皮质酮(CORT)含量极显著高于35%RH组(P0.01)。4)35%RH组肉鸡下丘脑HSP70含量显著低于60%RH和85%RH组(P0.05)。综上所述,在为期15 d的20~32℃递增性偏热环境下,高湿(85%)和低湿(35%)调节28~42日龄肉鸡体热平衡的途径和程度不同。     

微生物直接种间电子传递:机制及应用

微生物种间电子传递(Interspecies electron transfer,IET)是指电子供体微生物与电子受体微生物之间通过直接或间接方式传递电子形成互营生长关系,从而共同完成单一微生物不能完成的代谢过程的现象。IET分为间接种间电子传递(MediatedIET,MIET)和直接种间电子传递(Direct IET,DIET)。其中,前者一般需要氢、甲酸、核黄素等作为电子载体,而后者是指微生物间通过纳米导线、氧化还原蛋白、导电颗粒等进行直接电子交换。DIET是最新发现的IET方式,DIET的发现改变了微生物互营代谢必须依赖氢/甲酸等能量载体的传统认识。本文在论述MIET的同时,重点阐述了DIET的三种介导机制,列举了参与IET的典型微生物种类,系统介绍了IET在厌氧消化产甲烷、甲烷厌氧氧化、微生物脱氯等重要环境过程中的作用机制及应用潜力,并展望了微生物种间电子传递的未来研究方向。本综述有助于加深对微生物IET发生机制的认识,为理解微生物IET在自然界碳氮等元素循环、温室气体排放、污染物降解等关键生物地球化学过程中的作用提供理论基础,为IET的实际工程应用提供可能。     

甜椒根区基质与土垄交界处热通量变化特征

在日光温室中采用新型土垄内嵌式基质栽培(SSC)方法栽培甜椒。运用土壤热通量板探究土垄(SR)、标准垄(NR)、窄标准垄(NRn)、矮标准垄(NRs)和种植密度加倍标准垄(NRd)5种不同规格栽培垄东西侧水平方向以及根区垂直方向上热通量昼夜变化特征,探究适合冬季日光温室蔬菜生产的栽培垄。结果表明:各处理热通量均呈相同的昼夜单峰曲线变化特征,但不同处理吸放热的时间有所差异。栽培垄东侧水平方向上,晴天时SR、NR、NRn、NRd4个处理根区吸热的时间为9:00-14:00,阴天时吸热时间延后2h;晴天NRs在23:00-14:00吸热,阴天一直处于吸热状态。栽培垄西侧水平方向上,NRs处理一直为吸热状态,其余4个处理在9:00-17:00吸热。根区垂直方向上热通量变化表明,SR、NR、NRn、NRd4个处理吸热时间晴天为11:00-18:00,阴天为12:00-17:00;NRs放热的时间比其它处理晚2~3h。5个处理在东侧、西侧水平方向上和根区垂直方向上吸放热差值因位置不同有较大差异,在东侧水平方向和根区垂直方向上各处理以放热为主,而在西侧水平方向上吸热较多。东西侧水平方向和根区基质垂直方向上NRs处理基质吸热多放热少,NRd处理基质吸热少放热多,故NRd处理在冬季能更好地维持根区温度,在日光温室冬季和早春季蔬菜生产中具有更好的应用前景。