Evaluation of pea proteins and poultry protein as fish meal alternatives in the diets for juvenile black sea bream,Acanthopagrus schlegelii

The potential of three different protein resources (pea protein isolate, PPI; pea protein concentrate, PPC; enzyme treated poultry protein, ETPP) as fish meal (FM) alternative protein in diets for juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii. (initial average weight 7.90 ± 0.13 g) was evaluated. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace FM at 0% (T0, control diet), 8% (designated as T1‐T3) and 16% (designated as T4‐T6) using PPI, PPC and ETPP respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 25 juvenile fish for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding period, survival rate was not significantly affected by dietary treatments. Growth performance in T6 (16% ETPP) group was significantly inferior to T0 group, however, weight gain and specific growth rate in other treatments showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). Mean feed intake, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio were also poorer in fish fed in T6 than those of fish fed with the control diet respectively. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter and crude protein for fish fed ETPP diets were significant lower than those of fish fed with the control diet, whereas ADCs of lipid were unaffected by dietary treatments. ADC's of dietary Leu, Ile, His and Lys was also significantly influenced. There were no marked variations in proximate compositions of dorsal muscle. With regard to plasma characteristics, significant difference was observed in triacylglycerol content. Ammonia concentration in plasma tended to increase in alternative protein diets as substitution level increased. There were significant differences in aspartate aminotransferase activities among groups, but alanine aminotransferase levels were unaffected by treatments. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that PPI and PPC were potential protein sources for using in juvenile black sea bream diet. However, the substitution level of FM by ETPP should be limited within 16%.     

初乳真空冷冻干燥传热传质系数测定与分析

应用准稳态传热传质理论，在考虑水蒸气扩散对传热作用情况下，分别建立了奶牛初乳在真空冷冻干燥中多孔干燥层有效导热系数，冻结层导热系数和水蒸气扩散系数的测试模型，利用在冻干机上测取的试验数据，回归得到初乳的传热系数与水蒸气扩散系数，分析了压力与系数间的关系，结果表明，在１０Ｐａ～１２０Ｐａ范围内，干燥层有效导热系数随压力增大而增加，尤其在１０Ｐａ～６０Ｐａ范围内更为明显，而水蒸气扩散系数随压力的改变变     

真空平板玻璃传热理论分析及试验

利用辐射-导热耦合模式分析真空平板玻璃的传热途径,通过传热量和传热系数的计算模型,建立真空玻璃的传热控制方程,计算出真空玻璃结构沿高度方向的温度分布和热流通量,并用试验验证了理论计算结果正确性。试验结果表明,真空玻璃传热系数与真空压强成正比,真空度决定真空玻璃绝热性能;真空玻璃外面镀低辐射膜隔绝了较多的辐射热交换,其效果比内面镀膜好。     

兴安盟春玉米生产现状及生态气候应对措施

在深入基层调查和多年实践经验基础上,总结了兴安盟玉米生产中存在的主要问题,并提出了应对措施。结果认为,兴安盟玉米生产中存在的主要问题是没有充分利用气候资源实现高产稳产,玉米越区种植和浪费热量资源问题突出,并提出了合理利用气候资源趋利避害的应对措施和建议,对稳定兴安盟玉米单产、提高玉米总产具有重要意义。     

植物热激转录因子在非生物逆境中的作用

非生物逆境通常导致生物体内蛋白变性。热激蛋白(Hsp)作为分子伴侣协助蛋白的重新折叠、稳定、胞内运输和降解,以阻止受损蛋白的累积,维护细胞内环境的稳定。而热激蛋白的表达是通过热激转录因子(Hsfs)结合于热激蛋白基因的启动子的热激元件上(heatshockelement,HSE),以募集其它转录因子而形成转录复合体,促进热激蛋白基因的表达。植物热激转录因子比动物系统更为多样性。根据其基本的结构域,植物热激转录因子可分为三类:HsfA、HsfB、HsfC。A类Hsfs已有大量深入的研究和报道,特别是在番茄方面。HsfB和HsfC的作用尚不清楚。在其复杂的网络中,每一热激转录因子均有其独特的作用,取决于其表达模式、亚细胞定位、聚合化、活性及与其他蛋白的相互作用。在非生物逆境,尤其是热激逆境下,A类热激转录因子在调节热激蛋白的表达起着重要作用。番茄的HsfA1起着主导作用,其缺失无法被其他相近的Hsfs所取代,但在持续热逆境下,在HsfA1的配合下,HsfA2可成为主要调节因子。B类热激转录因子可作为A类Hsfs的阻抑蛋白。然而,基于对不同的单个突变体的研究,以及对酵母Hsf1致死突变体的拯救恢复,一些热激转录因子的作用又是丰余的。此外,热激蛋白也对热激转录因子起负反馈调节作用。     

热应激对动物生殖机能的影响及其作用机理

温度对动物生殖机能具有重要的影响,本文分别阐述热应激对雌性动物发情、受胎率、胚胎成活率、产仔数以及对雄性动物繁殖性能的影响,并提出了热应激对动物生殖机能影响的可能作用机理。     

Effects of Iron Deficiency on Thylakoid Membrane Structure and Composition in the Alga Dunaliella salina

Abstract

The unicellular green alga Dunaliella was previously proposed as a model photosynthetic organism for adaptation to iron deficiency. The purpose of this study was to find out how iron limitation affects the structure and composition of the photosynthetic system of Dunaliella salina. Iron deprivation did not retard proliferation of D. salina cells, but was associated with a decrease in cell volume and chlorophyll content, and with a four‐fold reduction in iron content and a two‐fold increase in Cu content. Electron microscopic analysis revealed shrinkage of the chloroplast and decrease in stacked thylakoid membranes. Measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence induction in the presence of DCMU and of 77 K chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra indicated gross changes in the photosynthetic efficiency of reaction centers and in the organization of their associated light harvesting antenna. Differential analysis of protein composition led to the identification of a major thylakoid membrane protein (Tidi), that was specifically induced under iron deprivation. Partial sequencing suggests that Tidi is a novel type of a chlorophyll a/b binding protein. These results clearly show that iron limitation is associated with extensive reorganization of the photosynthetic system in Dunaliella.     

Partial replacement of soybean meal with Methylobacterium extorquens single‐cell protein in feeds for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)

A feeding trial was conducted with juvenile rainbow trout (15–16 g initial weight) to assess the effects of including single‐cell protein (SCP) produced from Methylobacterium extorquens in trout feeds. Three isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were produced: a control diet and two experimental diets containing 5% or 10% bacterial protein meal replacing soybean meal. Triplicate tanks, each containing 35 fish, were fed each diet to apparent satiation in a constant‐temperature (15°C), flow‐through tank system for 12 weeks. No statistically significant differences in final fish weight or other fish growth parameters were observed. Similarly, feed efficiency parameters showed no significant differences among groups. Nutrient retention indices (protein, fat, energy) were relatively high and similar among fish in each dietary treatment group, as were whole body proximate compositions. Fish survival was high, with a small but statistically significant increase for the 10% SCP diet. Overall, results demonstrate that SCP from M. extorquens is a safe and effective alternative protein for rainbow trout diets at the low inclusion levels tested. Slightly lower weight gain in fish fed the 10% SCP diet was largely due to lower feed intake, suggesting that adding palatability‐enhancing ingredients to feeds may allow higher levels of M. extorquens SCP to be used without compromising fish growth.     

太阳能饲草干燥设备中空气集热器改进设计

在太阳能饲草干燥设备改进过程中,为提高设备生产率,从太阳能饲草干燥设备的关键部件入手,研究空气集热器的结构和工作原理,进而对空气集热器进行改进,提高空气集热器的集热效率.进行了设备改进的性能对比试验,得出装有蜂窝结构空气集热器的太阳能饲草干燥设备,生产率提高约20％,改进后的空气集热器集热效率提高约50％.     

CNG发动机运转参数对燃烧放热模型计算结果的影响

为了探讨压缩天然气(CNG)发动机运转参数对不同放热模型计算结果的影响,并确定各模型的适用范围,根据点燃式CNG发动机的缸内压力、曲轴转角等测试结果,采用3种放热率模型(Gatowski etal模型,Apparent heat release模型和R-W(Rassweiler-Withrow)模型)分别计算了燃烧放热率、已燃质量分数等参数,并进一步分析了发动机运转参数对不同放热模型计算结果的影响规律.研究结果表明,采用Apparent heat release模型和R-W模型计算所得到的燃烧放热率、已燃质量分数差异很小,二者可通用;点火提前角和过量空气系数对3种模型的计算结果差异影响很小;当节气门开度较小时,3种模型的计算结果差异很小;与其他两种模型相比,Gatowski et al模型的计算结果受发动机转速的影响更加明显;当节气门开度较小或者发动机转速高时,这3种模型可通用;当发动机转速较低时,与其他两种模型相比,采用Gatowski et al模型更加理想和精确.