小麦禾谷孢囊线虫寄生范围的研究

经测试表明,禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)对长江中游地区栽种的小麦、裸大麦、米大麦、家燕麦、野燕麦、黑麦草、鹅冠草、苇状羊茅、球茎草芦和鸭茅均能侵染,这些植物是该线虫的良好寄主,但感染率差异不显著。该线虫能侵染玉米,但很难完成生活史,不侵染供试的红三叶草和紫苜蓿2种非禾本科牧草。在不同的寄主根内,线虫发育速度有差异,单位重量根内虫口数亦有异,黑麦草内最多,鲜根有线虫4.45条/g,鸭茅最少为1.26条/g。     

Preparation and Study of a Novel,Environmentally Friendly Seed-Coating Agent for Wheat

Traditional seed-coating agents are widespread and used in crop protection. However, the coatings can pose an environmental and health hazard. In this study, a novel wheat seed-coating agent was prepared by using natural polysaccharide as the main raw material, which produces bacteriostatic activity and enhances the germination and quality of seeds. The optimum formula of this seed-coating agent was ultimately determined through a series of laboratory experiments and field trials. The results showed that the yield of wheat seeds treated with this novel seed-coating agent was increased by 10% and its material cost was decreased by 15% compared with the conventional toxic seed-coating agent. The toxicity of the novel seed-coating agent was also less than that of the traditional one. Therefore, this wheat seed-coating agent had obvious economic and environmental benefits.     

温度与条锈病菌双胁迫下小麦内参基因的选择

 选择合适的内参基因是采用实时定量PCR研究基因表达获得可信数据的关键。以小麦在条锈病菌及温度双因素胁迫为研究对象,采用实时荧光定量PCR评价了CDC、RLI、ACTIN和26S基因的表达情况,采用geNorm和NormFinder软件进行了比较分析。结果表明,小偃6号小麦在常温(15℃±1℃)未接种条锈病菌,以及接种条锈病菌并培育至花斑期分别在高温(20℃±1℃)、变温(20℃到15℃)条件处理中,基因RLI表达不稳定,基因ACTIN在常温条件下以及在条锈病菌及高温处理条件下的表达量相对稳定,但在变温条件下波动较大。表达最稳定的基因是26S,其次是CDC基因,它们可以作为小偃6号-CYR32-温度互作体系中基因表达实时荧光定量PCR研究的内参基因,26S和CDC是最佳内参基因组合。     

唑草·苯磺隆24%可湿性粉剂小麦田间药效试验

田间试验表明唑草·苯磺隆24%可湿性粉剂28.8～43.2g/hm2能有效防除小麦田一年生阔叶杂草,药后45d,对猪殃殃、泽漆、麦家公、播娘蒿的株防效在90.5%～94.2%,鲜重防效在92.1%～96.4%。在推荐剂量下,对小麦生长安全。     

几种常用药剂对小麦蚜虫防治效果试验

经试验毒死蜱48%EC、吡虫啉10%WP、高效氯氟氰菊酯2.5%EC、氧乐果40%EC对小麦蚜虫均有良好的防治效果,药效稳定,是防治小麦蚜虫的理想药剂。     

绿洲生态条件下氮磷肥配施对冬小麦干物质分配及产量的影响

在西北绿洲生态条件下,设165 kg·hm-2(N1),225 kg·hm-2(N2)两个氮素(纯氮)水平和105 kg·hm-2(P1)、165 kg·hm-2(P2)两个磷素(P2O5)水平共4个处理,研究了氮磷配施对冬小麦产量及干物质积累及分配、灌浆特性的影响。结果表明:N2P1、N2P2具有较高的籽粒产量,分别为7 644.73、7 686.25 kg·hm-2,同时,水分利用效率(WUE)也较高,分别为11.67、11.49 kg·hm-2·mm-1;千粒重和穗粒数随施氮量增加而提高,磷对籽粒产量构成要素影响不显著;氮、氮和磷互作对籽粒平均灌浆速率(V)、最大灌浆速率(Vmax)、有效灌浆持续期粒重增加值(Ws)和有效灌浆持续期灌浆速率(Vs)均有显著影响,但影响籽粒重量的主要因素是Vmax;氮、磷及氮和磷互作对不同器官干物质积累及其分配影响在不同生育时期表现不一。     

土壤施硅对小麦和麦蚜的影响

为明确土壤施硅对小麦蚜虫的防控效果,本研究在小麦种植前分别配施0（CK）、40、80和120 kg/hm²四个浓度的硅肥,测量施硅后小麦生育期、生物量、叶面积、株高、产量指标以及荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi发生量。结果表明,施硅对小麦株高和穗数无显著影响,但80 kg/hm²和120 kg/hm²浓度施硅处理后小麦叶面积分别为1 786.03 mm²和2 033.54 mm²,生物量分别为133.68 g和134.50 g,小麦穗粒数分别为35.61粒和35.92粒,小麦千粒重分别为45.34 g和45.59 g,小麦产量分别为9 684.45 kg/hm²和9 835.05 kg/hm²,均显著高于对照,且小麦成熟期较对照提前3 d;80 kg/hm²和120 kg/hm²浓度施硅处理后禾谷缢管蚜发生量分别为90头和86头,均显著低于对照;40、80和120 kg/hm²浓度施硅处理后荻草谷网蚜发生量分别为128、117和105头,均显著低于对照。因此,田间土壤施硅80 kg/hm²和120 kg/hm²可以明显改善小麦农艺性状,提高小麦产量,并能减少麦蚜发生量。     

小麦丙氨酸氨基转移酶基因TaAlaAT1的克隆及表达特征分析

 在已构建的受条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici)诱导的小麦非亲和抑制差减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)文库中,筛选到1个与水稻丙氨酸氨基转移酶基因高度相似的表达序列标签(expressed sequence tag,EST),利用电子克隆与RT-PCR相结合的方法,从小麦中获得1个1563bp的cDNA序列,命名为TaAlaAT1。序列分析表明,TaAlaAT1包含1个完整的开放阅读框,长1440bp,推测编码479个氨基酸。该氨基酸序列具有氨基转移酶的保守特征,与水稻、葡萄、大豆、拟南芥、苜蓿等多种植物的丙氨酸氨基转移酶高度相似,其中与水稻的亲缘关系最近。半定量RT-PCR与实时定量PCR结果显示,TaAlaAT1在小麦与条锈菌互作的非亲和组合中总体呈上调表达,在亲和组合中呈下调表达,且在2个组合中的表达差异显著。推测TaAlaAT1参与了小麦对条锈菌的防御反应。     

氮素水平对单作和间套作小麦玉米叶片叶绿素含量及品质的影响

以间套作小麦玉米、单作小麦和单作玉米为研究对象,通过田间试验研究了氮素水平对单作和间套作小麦玉米叶片叶绿素及品质的影响。主要结果为:在同一施氮水平下,间套作小麦旗叶叶绿素含量大于相应单作;单作和间套作小麦开花期旗叶叶绿素含量和蛋白质含量、沉淀值之间都呈显著正相关(r分别为0.960*,0.948*,0.968*,0.957*)。在相同施氮水平下,单作玉米叶绿素含量高于相应间套作玉米;单作和间套作玉米孕穗期叶绿素含量与其蛋白质含量之间也呈显著正相关(r分别为0.861*和0.870*)。     

Effect of feeding different levels of wheat roti on nutrient utilization and blood metabolite profile in semi‐captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of wheat roti (WR) on nutrient utilization and blood metabolites in Asian elephants fed roughages ad libitum. Nine (3 M, 6 F) Asian elephants (14–52 years of age, 1909–3968 kg BW) were used in an experiment based on replicated Latin square design. Animals in each group (n = 3) were assigned to one of the three dietary treatments in a manner that animals in all the three groups were exposed to all the three treatments in three different periods. Each feeding trial comprised 30 days (25 days of adaptation and 5 days collection period). The amount of WR fed to the elephants was 0.18, 0.12 and 0.06% of BW in groups I, II and III, respectively. They were allowed to forage in the nearby forests for 6 h/day and to bathe for 2 h/day. The animals had ad libitum access to cut Rohini (Mallotus philippensis) trees in their night shelter. Intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), Ca, P, Fe, Cu and Zn were measured. Feed consumption was not significantly different among the groups. Significant (p < 0.01) decrease in digestibility of DM and GE and blood glucose concentration was observed with decreased level of WR in the diet. Feeding of WR at 0.06% of BW supplied adequate amount of DE, CP, Ca, P, Fe, Cu and Zn to meet requirement for adult maintenance. Feeding of WR in excess of 0.06% of BW supplied DE in excess of requirement, increased blood glucose concentration which may cause obesity and other associated health problems. It was concluded that the amount of WR should be restricted to 0.06% of BW in the diet of captive Asian elephants.