太湖梅梁湾沉积物中的重金属生物可利用性及生态风险评价

[目的]研究太湖梅梁湾沉积物中重金属的污染状况和生态风险。[方法]对重金属总量和生物有效浓度进行了分析,采用发光细菌法进行了沉积物毒性研究,并对重金属环境风险进行了评价。[结果]梅梁湾沉积物中Cr处于无污染状态,Zn、Cu、Pb和Ni属于轻度污染水平。DGT测定的有效态浓度和释放通量结果表明,Ni、Zn和Cu的生物可利用性高于Cd和Pb。发光细菌毒性测试和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数评价也表明,梅梁湾沉积物不具有生物毒性,属于低生态风险。[结论]需对梅梁湾沉积物中的Ni污染进行控制。     

青岛市贝类汞污染特征研究

[目的]调查青岛市贝类产品汞含量状况,分析其潜在健康风险。[方法]根据贝类的消费量并兼顾品种多样性的原则,在青岛市海产品批发市场共采集11种75份贝类样品,并分析其汞含量。[结果]青岛市贝类汞含量为0.001 3~1.291 4 mg/kg,平均含量0.071 8mg/kg,在采集的62份样品中有5份超过中国国家标准规定的海产品中总汞0.3 mg/kg(GB2762-1994)的限量值,超标率为8.1%。在经过检测的品种中,文蛤、缢蛏、魁蚶等品种平均含量较高,而杂色蛤仔含量则较低。与其他地区比较,青岛贝类汞含量是东营地区汞含量的37.1%,但比龙口高出1.85倍,也高于浙江及泉州地区贝类汞含量。[结论]我国胶州湾一带的海域已受到了较为严重的汞污染,应该引起有关部门的重视。     

2016年乐清湾北部海域富营养化现状与评价*

于2016年4月和7月在乐清湾北部海域进行海洋环境调查,依据富营养化状态评价原则和营养状态指数(E)对乐清湾北部海域的富营养化现状进行评价。结果表明,NO3--N和NH4+-N是乐清湾海域无机氮的主要存在形式。乐清湾北部海域富营养化程度严重,整体处于磷中等限制潜在性富营养至磷限制潜在性富营养状态。究其原因是海湾位置结构、沿岸城镇带来的生产生活污水及水产养殖的规模及密度大。     

历史文化名村的保护与开发--以苏州市明月湾古村为例

明月湾是苏州市首批公布保护的古村落,是首批国家级历史文化名村之一。由于保护意识淡薄,明月湾古村一度遭到较为严重的破坏。笔者介绍了历史文化名村的相关概念及其保护对象,纵观明月湾古村的保护与开发现状,从文化遗产的角度对明月湾古村近年来的保护与开发状况进行了分析,认为明月湾古村存在保护与开发体系不完善,村民保护意识不足,部分文化遗产保护状况欠佳,并且古村开发过度、文化特色缺失等问题。笔者据此提出相关建议,强调完善历史文化名村保护体系,实施多层次、分类保护,加强宣传教育,规范管理并进行合理开发。     

Effects of tidal flat reclamation on sediment quality and hypoxia in Isahaya Bay

• 1. Ariake Bay, which is located in western Japan, has a large tidal range (>6 m) and a vast tidal flat (200 km²). In the early 1990s, the government‐managed Isahaya Reclamation Project began in the western part of Ariake Bay. A 16‐km² area of tidal flat in the inner part of Isahaya Bay was destroyed through reclamation and separated from the sea by a dyke, which created land and a freshwater reservoir.
• 2. Since the initiation of the project, fishery yields around Isahaya Bay have dramatically decreased. The objective of this study was to clarify the relationship between the work associated with the Isahaya Reclamation Project and the recent environmental deterioration in Ariake Bay, with references to present sediment thickness and organic matter content, and hypoxic water distributions in Isahaya Bay.
• 3. The organic matter load from the reservoir has increased since the initiation of the reclamation project and has been associated with a thick layer of fine sediment at the bottom of Isahaya Bay. The thickness of fine sediment and the total organic carbon content were higher in Isahaya Bay than in the freshwater reservoir.
• 4. Based on measurements in August 2001, hypoxic water spread widely in and around Isahaya Bay; the lowest dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (0.53 mg L^?1) was observed just outside the dyke. An analysis based on a two‐layered box model using data obtained in August 2001 showed that the DO consumption rate in the bottom layer was high (0.61 mg O₂ L^?1 day^?1), and that 22–41% of the total organic carbon load needed to induce the hypoxic water was derived from the reclamation area.
• 5. Our findings strongly suggest that enclosed seas may suffer from eutrophic and hypoxic conditions because of their low seawater‐exchange rate. A comprehensive conservation programme and environmental assessment including physical and material transport processes in the system is needed to manage the environment of the enclosed sea.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of mangrove deforestation on fish assemblage at Pak Phanang Bay,southern Thailand

Daytime sampling using a seine net was conducted at Pak Phanang Bay (Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand) in February and July 2006, to determine differences in fish assemblage structures between a mangrove site and an adjacent site completely cleared of mangroves. The overall numbers of fish species and individuals were significantly higher at the mangrove site than the cleared site in both months. Although benthic crustacean feeders showed more species and individual numbers at the mangrove site in both months, the opposite was found for zooplankton feeders. A cluster analysis, based on the abundance of each species, demonstrated that the fish assemblage structures were distinctly different between the two sites. In addition, significant differences in length frequency distributions for each of the four most abundant species were found between the sites in February and/or July. Small individuals of Scatophagus argus, Ambassis nalua, and Tetraodon nigroviridis were more common at the mangrove site, and of Chelon subviridis at the cleared site. These results suggest that mangrove deforestation exerts marked effects on fish assemblages.     

Culture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man 1879) in experimental cages in a freshwater eutrophic lake at different stocking densities

Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man 1879) juveniles (0.4 g) were cultured in experimental cages (L × W × H: 2.5 × 1 × 1 m) in Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines. The following stocking densities at four replicates each were used: 15, 30, 60 and 90 prawns m⁻² of cage bottom. The mean sizes at harvest after 5 months of culture ranged from 14.3 g for the highest stocking density to 26.3 g for the lowest. The mean size at harvest, daily growth rate and size class distribution were significantly influenced by stocking density, with those at the lowest stocking density showing significantly better growth and overall proportion of larger prawns. Heterogeneous individual growth (HIG) was fairly evident in all treatments. The percentage of blue‐clawed males was not influenced by treatment but the mean weight was significantly higher in the lower stocking densities. Both the percentage and mean weight of berried females were significantly higher in the lowest stocking density. Survival was the highest in the lower stocking densities (55.3%, 54.0%, 52.7% and 36.9% for 15, 30, 60 and 90 prawns m⁻² respectively). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved with decreasing stocking density, ranging from 2.1 to 3. As expected, yield per cropping increased with stocking density and ranged from 450 to 1089 g m⁻² yr⁻¹ of actual cage area. Production values obtained in the cage cultured M. rosenbergii were comparable to or even higher than those reported from pond culture, given that the stocking densities used in this study were generally higher than in ponds. The results show that the farming of M. rosenbergii in cages in lakes is a viable alternative to pond culture and has the potential of improve aquaculture production in lakeshore fish farming communities.     

莱州湾小型鳀鲱鱼类的生物学特征

以莱州湾调查资料为基础较系统地报告了青鳞小沙丁、斑Ji、日本Ti、赤鼻LingTi、黄鲫等5种小型Ti鲱鱼类的渔获体长、体重与年龄组成、生长特性，繁殖期与繁殖力以及饵料食性等学特征。文中还就上述鱼种在地域性渔业上的重要意义。种间更替进行了讨论。并对资源保护与管理提出了意见和建议。     

莱州湾头足类的群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为了掌握莱州湾头足类的资源现状,根据2011—2012年进行的9个月份的底拖网调查数据,研究了莱州湾头足类的群落结构及其与环境因子的关系。结果显示,148网次共捕获头足类6种,隶属于3目、3科、4属。头足类生物量及个体数均以10月最高、3月最低,周年平均值分别为3 111.39 g/h和723.54个/h。枪乌贼为莱州湾头足类的绝对优势种,其周年的相对重要性指数为13 097。头足类个体数的空间分布随月份变化,6—7月以莱州湾中南部密度较高,8—11月以莱州湾中北部密度较高,3—5月头足类的密度整体较低。CLUSTER和MDS分析将9个调查月份分为4个群组,ANOSIM分析显示群组两两间的群落结构均呈显著性差异,SIMPER分析表明枪乌贼对群组区分的贡献最大。头足类的个体数分布与浮游动物密度的相关性最高。生殖洄游和越冬洄游是影响莱州湾头足类空间分布季节变化的首要因素。研究结果可为莱州湾头足类资源的可持续利用和保护提供科学依据。     

Age estimation of the wild population of Japanese mantis shrimp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oratosquilla oratoria</Emphasis> (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) in Tokyo Bay,Japan, using lipofuscin as an age marker

ABSTRACT:   In this study, the age composition of the Japanese mantis shrimp, Oratosquilla oratoria , in Tokyo Bay, central Japan, was investigated using lipofuscin, an autofluorescent pigment, as an age marker. Lipofuscin in a histological section of protocerebral bridge cell mass (PBCM) in the brain was identified by confocal microscopy, and its concentration was quantified by image analysis. Modal analysis of the lipofuscin concentration showed four regularly-spaced modes that could each be regarded as a distinct age group. This implied a constant lipofuscin accumulation in PBCM at a 6.5 × 10⁻²% volume fraction per year; it also implied the existence of individuals that are at least 4 years old. The lipofuscin concentration was found to be a more appropriate index than body length for estimating the age of O. oratoria , because the modal analysis on the body–length histogram failed to detect apparent age groups. This was probably a result of the declining growth rate with age and the individual variations in growth through molting leading to considerable overlap in the size between different age groups. The lipofuscin analysis suggested that fast-growing individuals in each cohort are recruited to the fishery, and most individuals attain the exploitable size between 2 and 3 years of age.