Effect of dietary lysine and genetics on growth and indices of lysine catabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The level of the essential amino acid lysine is of concern in trout feed. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of different families of fish to lysine‐deficient (LD) versus lysine‐adequate (LA) soy protein‐containing diets. For each treatment combination, there were five replicates. As expected, feed efficiency (p < .0001) and thermal growth coefficient (TGC, p < .0001) were improved in fish fed the LA compared to the LD diet. Hepatosomatic index (HSI, p < .01) and whole‐body lipid content (p < .01) were higher for fish consuming the LD compared to the LA diet. There was no effect (p > .05) of diet on hepatic lysine α‐ketoglutarate reductase (LKR) activity, LKR mRNA abundance or lysine oxidation. There was a family effect on feed efficiency (p < .0001), TGC (p < .0001) and condition factor (p < .05) and there was a trend for differences in oxygen consumption (p < .07) across families while consuming the LD diet; however, there was no effect on ammonia excretion, HSI, lipid content, efficiency of nitrogen or lysine retention or indices of lysine catabolism. One family, in particular, had more favourable feed efficiency and thermal growth coefficient when fed the LD diet, indicating that it may possess an enhanced genetic potential for performance when consuming LD, soybean meal‐containing diets.     

紫苏羟苯基丙酮酸还原酶基因片段的克隆及表达分析

为了克隆紫苏迷迭香酸生物合成途径中的羟苯基丙酮酸还原酶基因(Hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase gene, HPPR),通过已报道的其他物种的HPPR基因序列设计特异性引物,采用同源克隆的方法成功克隆得到了紫苏HPPR基因片段,并命名为PfHPPR（GenBank登录号：HM152567.1）,该片段长为426 bp,共编码142个氨基酸残基。根据蛋白比对结果,PfHPPR基因编码的氨基酸序列与彩叶草、鼠尾草和丹参的一致性分别为92%、93%和92%。采用半定量RT-PCR法分析该基因在紫苏叶中的表达最高,茎次之,根中相对较弱。内源性植物激素信号分子及外界刺激对PfHPPR表达量影响的实验表明PfHPPR的表达受脱落酸、水杨酸和UV-B信号调控途经的影响。     

Influences of Mo on Nitrate Reductase,Glutamine Synthetase and Nitrogen Accumulation and Utilization in Mo-Efficient and Mo-Inefficient Winter Wheat Cultivars

The objective is to study whether the accumulation and utilization of plant N are controlled by Mo status in winter wheat cultivars. Mo-efficient cultivar 97003 （eft） and Mo-inefficient cultivar 97014 （ineff） were grown in severely Mo-deficient acidic soil （Tamm-reagent-extractable Mo 0.112 mg kg^-1） with （＋Mo） and without （-Mo） the application of 0.13 mg kg^-1 Mo. The accumulation and use efficiency of plant total N were significantly higher in ＋Mo than that in -Mo and in eft than that in ineff under Mo deficiency. N use efficiency was remarkably higher in maturity but it was forwarded to jointing stage after Mo supply, thus indicating that Mo supply promoted the N use efficiency besides N uptake and eff was efficient in N uptake and utilization. The overall activity of nitrate reductase （NR, EC 1.6.6.1） was significantly higher in ＋Mo than in -Mo and ratio of ＋Mo/-Mo was even to 14.8 at filleting stage for ineff. Activity of glutamine synthetase （GS, EC 6.3.1.2） was significantly lower in ＋Mo than in -Mo. Concentration of nitrate and glutamate were also significantly lower in ＋Mo than in -Mo, thus provided evidences for enhancing N use efficiency by Mo supply. Activities of NR and GS were significantly higher and concentrations of nitrate and glutamate were significantly lower in eff than ineff under Mo deficiency, thus indicated eff was more efficient in N reduction and utilization. It is therefore concluded that Mo could promote N accumulation and utilization in winter wheat which was directly related to NR and feedback regulated by GS. Higher Mo status also results in higher accumulation and utilization of plant N in eft.     

Molybdenum as an essential element for improving total yield in seawater-grown Salicornia europaea L.

The growth of crop plants on full-strength seawater constitutes a major challenge because of the high salt content and the limited availability of essential microelements such as molybdenum. For cultivation of the halophyte Salicornia as seawater-grown crop, the effect of molybdate application on total yield production and the activities of the two molybdenum containing enzymes, nitrate reductase (NR) and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) was investigated. Increasing molybdate levels in the growth medium supplemented with nitrate or ammonium enhanced yield during multiple shoot removal. Similarly, NR and XDH activities were enhanced with increasing molybdate, indicating that the activity of both enzymes may play an important role in facilitating yield accumulation. Notably, XDH activity in the roots was high and the levels of ureides were low, whereas in the shoot tips ureides were higher and XDH activity was lower. Considering that XDH is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the low C/N ratio ureides, these suggest a source–sink relationship between the roots and shoot tips for efficient transport of root-generated ureides to the young growing shoot tips. Our results imply that the supply of molybdenum to Salicornia grown in seawater enhances plant biomass accumulation by increasing the activities of NR and XDH, thereby stimulating a more efficient remobilization of ureides to the newly grown shoot tips after periodic shoot removal.     

结瘤固氮和氮肥对红桤木生理指标及生物量的影响

以红桤木扦插苗为研究材料,进行放线菌结瘤处理并喷施无氮Hoagland营养液（T1）,以及不结瘤处理但喷施硝态氮Hoagland营养液（T2）、无氮Hoagland营养液（T3）和混合氮Hoagland营养液（T4）等试验,比较研究了结瘤处理和氮形态对红桤木生长和生理指标的影响。结果表明,放线菌结瘤处理对红桤木生长和生...     

小麦亚硝酸还原酶基因及调控序列克隆、定位和表达分析

利用in silico及反向PCR技术, 从小麦中克隆了亚硝酸还原酶编码基因及其调控序列, 进一步利用原核诱导表达、半定量RT-PCR、AS-PCR及生物信息学手段对克隆的新基因进行鉴定及染色体定位分析。开放阅读框预测结合测序结果表明, 该基因gDNA长2 881 bp, 包含4个外显子和3个内含子, cDNA长1 830 bp, GenBank登录号分别为FJ555239和FJ527909, 预测编码产物大小约为65.7 kD, 与NCBI已公布的亚硝酸还原酶基因编码产物同源性达60%以上, 其中与其他单子叶谷类作物同源性达80%以上。IPCR技术延伸该基因5′端侧翼序列至-2 924 bp (以ATG起始计算), 经1 mmol L^-1 IPTG诱导后可表达大小约为70 kD的蛋白(含约3.8 kD的组氨酸标签)。RT-PCR结果显示, 30 mmol L^-1 KNO₃处理小麦幼苗1 h, 亚硝酸还原酶基因表达量最高。酶活性测定表明, 随着KNO₃处理时间延长亚硝酸还原酶活性增强。AS-PCR检测发现, 该基因在普通小麦6A及6B染色体上至少各存在1个拷贝。     

Phytochemical and antimicrobial characterization of Macleaya cordata herb

Macleaya cordata (plume poppy) is a source of bioactive compounds, mainly isoquinoline alkaloids which are used in phytopreparations with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. In this study, the alkaloids sanguinarine, chelerythrine, their dihydro derivatives, protopine and allocryptopine and phenolics, gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, m-hydroxybenzoic, gentisic, p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic and sinapic acids were determined in extracts prepared from M. cordata aerial part, seeds, and seed capsules using HPLC with UV detection and/or LC/MS with electrospray ionization. The highest content of sanguinarine and chelerythrine was found in capsules. Protopine and allocryptopine were major alkaloids in leaves including footstalks. The seed oil contained dihydrosanguinarine, dihydrochelerythrine and twelve fatty acids of which linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids predominated. In addition, sanguinarine reductase, a key enzyme in sanguinarine/dihydrosanguinarine equilibrium in plants, was found for the first time, in the soluble proteins of leaves. Finally, extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity using the microdilution method on standard reference bacterial strains.     

A secoiridoid with quinone reductase inducing activity from Cortex fraxini

A new secoiridoid named chinensisol (1) along with twenty known compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of Cortex fraxini. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR, MS, IR and UV spectral evidences. The quinone reductase (QR) inducing activities of the compounds were evaluated and the results showed that compounds 1, 9 and 14 had moderate QR inducing activities with CD values (concentration required to double the specific activity of QR) of 72.4 ± 7.7, 34.3 ± 3.3 and 42.0 ± 0.4 μM respectively.     

砧木对‘赤霞珠9’葡萄果实发育及隐色花色素还原酶基因表达的影响

以‘赤霞珠’嫁接苗和自根苗果实为试材,用Trizol法,对果皮和果肉RNA进行提取和纯化,利用RT-PCR技术对果实隐色花色素还原酶(LAR)转录水平进行研究。结果表明:‘5BB’‘SO4’和‘101-14MG’均增加了‘赤霞珠’葡萄枝条N素质量分数,‘SO4’增加了P素质量分数,‘101-14MG’增加了K素质量分数;‘5BB’和‘SO4’增大了‘赤霞珠’葡萄果粒,‘5BB’使‘赤霞珠’葡萄提前8d转色,‘SO4’拉长了果蒂长度,增加了果穗松散度;在整个‘赤霞珠’果实发育期,各处理果实隐色花色素还原酶活性呈现逐渐下降的趋势,‘101-14MG’和‘SO4’嫁接‘赤霞珠’果实LAR活性始终大于‘赤霞珠’自根苗果实,‘101-14MG’嫁接‘赤霞珠’果实LAR活性最强;果皮和果肉中LAR相对表达量总体呈现下降趋势,果肉中LAR相对表达量极小,果皮中LAR表达量显著高于果肉,‘101-14MG’和‘SO4’嫁接‘赤霞珠’果皮和果肉中LAR相对表达量均大于‘赤霞珠’自根苗和‘5BB’嫁接‘赤霞珠’,其中‘101-14MG’嫁接苗显著大于自根苗。