柯夫达潜水蒸发公式中参数的推求

采用迭代法求解柯氏潜水蒸发量计算公式中的参数。该方法快捷、方便,且计算精度较高,可在计算机上实现。     

城市效应对区域雷电活动影响分析与灾害防御

为了研究城市化建设对区域雷电的影响,揭示自然环境的改变对雷电活动规律产生的变化,为不同区域雷电防护重点提供理论依据。本研究利用湖北省5个城市样本2007—2016年闪电定位资料,分析了所选样本城市城区和非城区云地闪密度以及日频、月频、季节变化、雷电流强度。结果表明：城区云地闪密度小于非城区云地闪密度,城市效应减小了城区雷电发概率;云地闪日频次分布城区波动幅度比非城区大,分时城区雷电流平均跨度值明显大于非城区,城区受到局地气候的影响较大;全年各月正闪频次占比城区均大于非城区,雷电高发的月份城区云地闪强度均大于非城区。整体来看,城市效应使城区的云地闪密度降低,强度增加,且呈现出雷电流幅值跨度大等不稳定性,相对于非城区更容易出现极端雷暴事件。     

The flora and structure of farmland hedges and hedgebanks near to pheasant release pens compared with other hedges

On farms where shooting takes place, hedgerows leading from woodlands with release pens are often used by pheasants as corridors for accessing game crops. We compared shrub and ground flora structure and species composition in hedges near to and away from release sites with a wide range of release sizes, at 109 game estates in four regions in England in 2002 and 2003. There was more bare ground, fewer stable perennial plant species, more weeds and fewer tree and shrub seedlings in hedges near to release sites compared to our controls, sometimes only when the nearby release exceeded a certain threshold. Alongside hedges there were more weeds on hedgebanks near to release sites, and depending on hedge size, fewer stable perennial species or fewer tree and shrub seedling species. While the woody structure of the hedge itself was not substantially different, shrub leafiness within hedges at 10-20 cm off the ground was reduced in all except very short hedges near to releases. We argue that the differences we observed were due to the presence of pheasants in those hedges during the late summer and autumn following release and not to pen siting or game management factors. We hypothesize that where larger accumulations of pheasants occur in hedges, the changes to ground flora species composition we observed were due to increased soil fertility and soil disturbance. The effects on mature shrub leafiness and woody seedlings were probably caused by direct pecking. Our study involved many sites and some of the effects identified were subtle. Our data on release size enables us to suggest how to minimise these effects where this is considered important, for example where hedgerows are recognized as particularly valuable or vulnerable.     

Models for predicting tree and stand development on larch plantations in Hallormsstaður,Iceland

The aim was to model the growth of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) and Russian larch (Larix sukaczewii Dyl., syn. L. sibirica var. sukaczewii) plantations in Hallormsstaeur, Iceland. The field inventory was carried out in eastern Iceland in June 2006. Models were constructed for predicting dominant height, total tree height and 5-year diameter increment. Several linear and non-linear forms of models were tested in preliminary analyses to find the equations that fitted the modelled characteristics best. Due to the spatially hierarchical correlation structure of the data (stands, plots and trees), the assumption of non-correlated error terms did not hold. Therefore, a random parameter modelling approach was adopted using mixed models when the estimates obtained for the random effects were statistically significant. The variance estimates for the random effects can be further used to calibrate the models. The models generated here performed well with independent test data and were consistent with the forest growth theory. They can be used to evaluate site quality and to estimate the growth and yield of larch stands in eastern Iceland in connection with forest planning.     

地被植物蒸腾降温效益研究

选择城阳区13种地被植物,进行植物吸热降温效益的测定与计算。结果表明：蔷薇、黄花鸢尾、火棘、五叶地锦日蒸腾释水量和日蒸腾吸热量较高,是较好的吸热降温树种,而大叶黄杨、金叶女贞较低。灌木地被单位叶面积蒸腾吸热量明显高于藤本和草本地被。     

Relationships of culm surface area to other culm dimensions for bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens

We determine the relationships of culm surface area to other culm dimensions for one of the largest bamboo species, Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex Houzeau de Lehaie. A total number of 150 sample culms were collected from a stand of P. pubescens in Mt. Toshima, Kumamoto Prefecture, western Japan. The culm surface area for each sample was calculated, and then the relationships of the culm surface area to basal area and product of diameter at breast height (dbh) and culm height were analyzed. The relationship between culm surface area and basal area could be described successfully by the power equation, whereas there was a linear relationship of culm surface area to product of dbh and height. Although the regression equations determined here would be useful in estimating culm surface area of P. pubescens, it is necessary to select an appropriate equation depending on the purpose and available time and labor.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ对牛肉品质的影响

取屠宰后5头杂交牛(鲁西黄牛×西门塔尔)的背最长肌,置于2~4℃贮藏7 d,注射样品重10%的血管紧张素Ⅱ,观察在成熟过程中血管紧张素Ⅱ对牛肉剪切力、肌原纤维小片化指数(MFI)、凋亡酶活力,以及肌纤维直径变化的影响。结果显示:贮藏期间对照组和处理组样品剪切力均显著下降(P<0.05),MFI值逐渐增大,caspase-3、6、9酶活力宰后迅速激活随后其活力逐渐下降;血管紧张素Ⅱ注射处理显著降低了牛肉的剪切力值和肌纤维直径(P<0.05),而对MFI值及caspase-3、6、9活力无显著影响。因此,caspase-3、6、9对牛肉嫩度的影响可能仅发生在宰后初期极短的一段时间内;肌细胞宰后生理和活体状况下不太一致,血管紧张素Ⅱ注射降低了牛肉剪切力可能由于它能显著防止肌纤维的收缩。     

应用“林分结构复原法”评价经营措施及更新效果研究

介绍了林分调查的一种方法：“林分结构复原法”,即根据林分的现时直径分布和直径生长量,应用林分表法进行径阶转移的原理,推算n年前的直径分布,并根据直径与其他林分因子的关系,再现林分在前n年时的林分结构,从而为评价采伐的合理性以及鉴定超采、盗伐提供可靠数据。     

适于FVS的长白落叶松树皮因子

为估算长白落叶松的去皮直径及树皮厚度等,利用小兴安岭南部68株长白落叶松解析木与生物量数据,对带皮胸径与去皮胸径之间、树干材积与木材材积之间、树皮厚度与相对树高之间、树皮因子与树高之间等相关模型进行了研究.结果表明,长白落叶松胸径处去皮直径的最优模型为D1B=0.922DOB(R2=0.99),胸径处树皮因子和树皮调整...     

1971～2005年广西东兴0～20cm地温变化趋势分析

[目的]研究1971～2005年广西东兴0～20 cm地温变化趋势。[方法]利用1971～2005年东兴国家基本气象站0、5、10、15、20 cm逐月平均地温资料,采用气候倾向率、累积距平等方法,分析35年来东兴浅层地温的变化趋势。[结果]1971～2005年东兴各层地温春、夏、秋、冬季及全年均为升温趋势,其中秋、冬季升温幅度明显高于春、夏季。各浅层地温在90年代初期和末期、20世纪初均有异常增温现象发生,而在70年代中期均有异常降温现象。各浅层地温在突变前均处于降温趋势,而突变后地温均为增温趋势。0、10、15 cm的突变点在80年代初、中期,5 cm的突变点在70年代末期,而20 cm有2个突变点,分别在80年代中期和90年代中期。各层地温的年代际变化特征基本一致,具有很强的相关性。[结论]该研究为全球气候变化背景下地温变化分析提供理论依据。