重庆市石宝镇马尾松单木生长模型研究

为了更加科学地保护和利用马尾松森林资源并为其可持续经营提供参考依据,利用多模型选优法对重庆市忠县石宝镇马尾松的单木胸径生长模型进行了探讨与分析,结果表明：对竞争优势木和竞争劣势木的拟合效果最好的均是Richards函数,其次是Schumacher函数,而Gauss函数和Logistic函数的拟合效果较差.考虑到模型运算的简便性和结构的清晰性,结合研究区马尾松胸径生长量的预测情况,选取了模型参数相对较少的Schumacher 函数作为描述重庆市忠县石宝镇马尾松生长过程的最佳模型.     

The role of land tenure in conservation of tree and shrub species diversity in miombo woodlands of southern Malawi

Biodiversity is declining throughout southern African miombo woodlands due to poor land use practices that are detrimental to soil, vegetation and habitat. We aimed at examining tree and shrub species diversity and distribution in Uapaca kirkiana-dominated woodlands under three land tenure types; forest reserves, customary and leasehold land. The study was conducted at different forest sites within similar agroecological zone in southern Malawi. Study sites were located at a range of altitudes between 900 and 1,200 m a.s.l. Three circular plots each with 32.60 m radius were established at each study site to sample tree and shrub species composition, structure and distribution under three land tenure types. We found that forest reserves had higher species diversity with an average of 16 tree families, 27 genera and 34 species as compared to only 10 tree families, 6 genera and 6 species on customary forest lands. Comparisons of diameter at breast height size class distributions showed that customary land had significantly low numbers of small (5.0–10.0 cm) and very large (≥30 cm) diameter classes suggesting lower levels of regeneration and high rate of anthropogenic activities. The high species diversity and richness in forest reserves and leasehold land indicate high potential for protected lands to restore tree species diversity. It is concluded that levels of human activities as influenced by land tenure type reduce tree species diversity, composition and distribution at the different sites, and this confirms the hypothesis that open access lands are not compatible with conservation of tree and shrub species diversity because of high anthropogenic activities.     

Stand structure of an uneven-aged fir–beech forest with an irregular diameter structure: modeling the development of the Belevine forest, Croatia

This study focuses on the problem of irregular diameter structure in a silver fir–beech selection (plenter) forest with a “surplus” of large diameter trees and a lack of natural regeneration and small diameter trees. We sampled 274 plots (900 m² each) in the Belevine research site (266.24 ha) in the mountain region Gorski Kotar (Croatia), where diameter (dbh) distribution, diameter increment, and natural regeneration were analyzed in detail. A low density of natural regeneration, weak annual recruitment of small (10 cm dbh) diameter trees (only five trees per hectare), delayed diameter growth of trees, and a low annual rate of trees reaching the next dbh class were attributed to the current irregular dbh structure. The stand development prediction for the next 50 years is based on a simulation model, which considers the current diameter structure, increment, recruitment, and future cutting regime. Intensive cutting in the first of five 10-year cutting cycles (intensity higher of 25%) is needed to initiate natural regeneration and to accelerate growth of young silver fir trees. In the next 50 years, the irregular diameter structure will be gradually improved.     

耐荫、半耐荫地被植物在广州公园中的应用

耐荫、半耐荫地被植物是营建复层植物景观的重要元素。在对广州公园进行调查研究基础上,文章归纳总结了耐荫、半耐荫地被植物的种类,并根据园林用途对其进行归类。共有34种,隶属25科33属。经分析,这些植物与其他园林要素之间常见的配置方式有路缘配置、与山石相配置等7种。     

Response of Fagus sylvatica Seedlings to Root Trenching of Overstorey Picea abies

In a trenching experiment the impact of root competition by overstorey Norway spruce on growth and allocation of above-ground woody biomass of advanced planted beech was investigated in two stands over two growing seasons after trenching. Measurements of soil water potential were taken inside and outside trenched areas by tensiometers at 16 measuring points in one stand from May to September 1999. Height and diameter of the seedlings, as well as branch length and diameter, were measured of beech growing in trenched and untrenched conditions in September before trenching (1998) and afterwards (1999 and 2000). Tensiometers inside the trenches reached the expiring value of -0.085 Mpa 30-40 days later, or never, compared with those in untrenched areas. Whereas relative growth rate (RGR) in height was not affected by trenching, RGR both in diameter and in estimated dry weight of the main stem were substantially enhanced in the first growing season after trenching (1999). A different result was obtained in 2000, when RGR in seedling diameter and estimated dry weight of the main stem was slightly reduced by trenching. The only variable that showed increased RGR of the trenched seedlings in both years was the estimated dry weight of the branches, indicating different above-ground biomass allocation patterns of seedlings with and without root competition.     

云南东南部天然沙罗竹林分结构规律的研究

沙罗竹为大中型丛生竹类,生长较好的天然竹林主要集中分布在云南河口——屏边大围山海拔500 m地区的沟谷地带,面积约5 000 hm2,具有很高的开发利用价值。该文对其林分的密度、直径、生物量等因子变化规律及其相互关系首次进行了系统研究。     

森林生态系统中林分胸径和树高的Granger因果关系研究

滞后阶数为1时,胸径和树高互为Granger原因,这从理论上证明,建立胸径和树高模型是合理的.当滞后阶数为2时,胸径不再是树高的Granger原因,但树高仍是胸径的Granger原因,两者相比,树高的影响更深远.所以在森林培养时,应更加注重树高,以维持树高对胸径的影响.     

胸径、根径、轮尺径之间关系的研究

通过对胸径、根径、轮尺径之间关系的研究,提供一种更加简捷的计算木材蓄积的方法。     

青岛老城区里院街区空间解析——基于城市设计基础理论的分析

“里院”是青岛老城一种特有的居住形式,文章运用图底理论,行为场所理论这些当代城市设计的基础理论,对里院街区空间和里院街区开敞空间进行了分析。保护里院街区空间也不应仅仅停留在物质形态,重点也是要考虑居民的需求,以尊重他们的行为方式作为前提,在此基础上提高他们的生活品质。     

Prediction of annual tree growth and survival for thinned and unthinned even-aged maritime pine stands in Portugal from data with different time measurement intervals

An annual individual tree survival and growth model was developed for pure even-aged stands of maritime pine in Portugal, using a large data set containing irregularly time-spaced measurements and considering thinning effects. The model is distance-independent and is based on a function for diameter growth, a function for height growth and a survival function. Two approaches are compared for modeling annual tree growth. The first approach directly estimates a future diameter or height using well-known growth functions formulated in difference form. The second approach estimates diameter or height using a function in differential form estimating the increment over a year period. In both approaches, the function parameters were related to tree and stand variables reflecting the competition status of the tree as well as of a thinning response factor. Variable growth and survival rates were assumed in the modeling approaches. An iterative method was used to continuously update tree and stand attributes using a cut-off to convert the survival probability for a living or a dead tree. The individual tree diameter growth model and the survival probability model were fitted simultaneously using seemingly unrelated regression (SUR). Parameters of the height function were obtained separately as the number of observations for height was much lower than the number of observations for diameter, which may affect the statistical inference and the estimation of contemporaneous cross-equation error correlation inherent to the system of equations. PRESS residuals were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the diameter and the height growth functions. Additional statistics based in the log likelihood function and also in the survival probability were computed to evaluate the survival function. The second modeling approach, which integrates components of growth expansion and decline, performed slightly better than the first approach. A variable accounting for the thinning response that was tested proved to be significant for predicting diameter growth, even if the model already included competition-related explanatory variables, namely the basal area of trees larger than the subject tree. However, this thinning response factor was not significant for predicting height growth.