Recovery of cover-crop-N in the soil-plant system in the Guinea savannah zone of Ghana

In order to understand the efficiency of residue-N use and to estimate the minimum input required to obtain a reasonable level of crop response, it is important to quantify the fate of the applied organic-N. The recovery of N from ¹⁵N-labelled Crotalaria juncea was followed in the soil and the succeeding maize crop. Apparent N recovery (ANR) by maize from unlabelled Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria retusa, Calopogonium mucunoides, Mucuna pruriens and mineral fertilizer at three locations were also evaluated. The maize crop recovered 4.7% and 7.3% of the ¹⁵N-labelled C. juncea-N at 42 days after sowing (DAS) and at final harvest, respectively. The corresponding ¹⁵N recovery from the soil was 92.4% and 58.5%. The highest mean ANR of 57.4% was with mineral fertilizer, whereas the mean ANR of 14.3% from C. retusa was the lowest. A large pool substitution and added-N interaction effect was observed when comparing N recovery from the labelled and unlabelled C. juncea. The amount of residue-N accounted for by the isotope dilution method at 42 DAS was 97.1% and at final harvest 65.8%. The large residue-N recovery in the soil organic-N pool explains the residual effect usually observed with organic residue application.     

Comparative effects of applying leguminous and non-leguminous green manures and inorganic N on biomass yield and nitrogen uptake in flooded rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

The beneficial role of green manures in rice production is generally ascribed to their potential of supplying plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N). However, the mechanisms through which green manures enhance the crop productivity are poorly understood. Pot experiments were conducted using a ¹⁵N-tracer technique: (1) to compare the biomass production potential of sesbania (Sesbania aculeata Pers.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as green manuring crops for lowland rice and (2) to compare the effect of the two types of green manure and inorganic N on the dry matter accumulation and N uptake by two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, viz. IR-6 and Bas-370. Although maize produced three times higher shoot biomass compared with sesbania, the latter showed higher N concentration; and thus the total N yield was similar in the two types of plants. Applying the shoot material of the two plants to flooded rice significantly enhanced the dry matter yield and N uptake by the two rice cultivars, the positive effects generally being more pronounced with sesbania than with maize amendment. The difference in the growth-promoting potential of the two plant residues was related more to an increased uptake of the native soil N rather than to their direct role as a source of plant-available N. A positive added nitrogen interaction (ANI) was observed due to both plant residues, the effect was much more pronounced with the application of sesbania than with maize residues. In both rice cultivars, inorganic N also caused a substantial ANI, particularly at higher application rate. Losses from the applied N were 2–3 times lower from sesbania, compared with maize treatment. Green manuring with sesbania also caused much lower N losses than the inorganic N applied at equivalent or higher rates. The overall benefit of green manuring to rice plants was higher than inorganic N applied at comparable rates. The two rice cultivars differed in their response to green manuring, IR-6 generally being more responsive than Bas-370.     

绿肥中养分释放规律及对烟叶品质的影响

在田间条件下利用埋设玻璃滤纸包法研究了绿肥翻压后的分解规律及其翻压绿肥对烟叶品质的影响。结果表明，经过13周的分解，苜蓿中有机C的矿化率高达81％，N素矿化率为54％；黑麦草有机C的矿化率为63％，N素矿化率为22％。这些矿化N中约92％的N（苜蓿）和74％的N（黑麦草）是在翻压后的前6周释放的。在烟株的整个生长期内，由苜蓿释放的N素约为N43奴hm^-2，为了防止后期N素供应过多而导致上部烟叶烟碱含量过高，苜蓿宜提前翻压并从总N肥施用量中扣除由苜蓿矿化出的N。黑麦草因N素含量低和N素矿化量少，整个生长季中约释放了N10．5kghm^-2的N素，所以在黑麦草生长量不大的情况下，可将黑麦草全部翻压并忽略其释放的N素。 在没有减少化肥施用量的情况下，翻压苜蓿提高了上部烟叶中烟碱含量，降低了总糖和还原糖含量。而翻压黑麦草对烟叶中烟碱含量有所降低，总糖和还原糖含量适中，因而烟叶的品质得到了改善。     

绿色食品花生基地建设及高产栽培技术研究

选择无工业“三废”污染、符合环境(土壤、水质、大气)质量标准的生态区域(豫南中小果产区,豫东、豫北大果产区)作为绿色食品花生生产基地。豫南中小果产区采用夏花生地膜覆盖栽培,豫东、豫北大果产区采用小垄宽幅麦套种或大垅宽幅麦套种地膜覆盖栽培,通过选用优良品种,优化配方施肥,综合防治病虫害,农业措施控制黄曲霉污染等措施,花生荚果产量可达6000~7500㎏/hm2,出口价(花生仁)比普通花生高出1200元/t,增收达2700~3600元/hm2。     

绿色产品市场“柠檬效应”分析

绿色产品环境质量的隐蔽性使得消费者和厂商之间产生信息不对称现象,这将影响绿色产品市场的正常运行。通过建立数学模型对此进行了分析。结果表明:在信息不对称条件下,如果进入壁垒较低,则市场中将出现“柠檬效应,”而提高产品的环境标准可以缓和或避免这种现象。     

不同茶树品种原料对青砖茶品质的影响

探究不同茶树品种原料对青砖茶品质的影响.采用13个不同茶类适制性品种的原料制成青砖茶,采用感官审评评价茶叶感官品质,通过化学分析和GC-MS法比较分析主要品质成分及香气成分含量.结果表明,不同茶树品种原料制成的青砖茶主要品质成分差异显著,迎霜、乌龙2号和4号品种原料加工的青砖茶水浸出含量、茶多酚、儿茶素、氨基酸和可溶性...     

柑橘黄龙病菌浓度对琼中绿橙果实品质的影响

为了定量衡量黄龙病菌量对琼中绿橙果实品质的影响,本实验以采自海南琼中橘园中感染了柑橘黄龙病的琼中绿橙为实验材料,用实时荧光定量PCR相对定量的方法测定果实中柑橘黄龙病菌的浓度,同时对果实品质的8个外在指标（果实纵经、横径、果形指数、单果重、果皮率、残渣率、种子数量、种子重量）和5个内在指标（果汁率、可食率、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、固酸比）进行测定,研究黄龙病菌浓度对琼中绿橙果实品质的影响。结果表明：随着琼中绿橙果实中柑橘黄龙病菌浓度的增大,果实外观品质变化明显的指标包括果实纵经、果形指数、单果重（p<0.05）,其中果实纵经呈现明显下降趋势,从64.97mm下降到57.44mm,相对较少11.59%;果形指数呈现明显上升趋势,从0.83上升到0.94,相对增多13.25%;单果重呈现下降趋势,从166.35g下降到109.66g,相对较少34.08%;果实横径、果皮率、残渣率、种子数量、种子重量等指标变化不明显。随着琼中绿橙果实中柑橘黄龙病菌浓度的增大,果实内在品质变化明显的指标为可溶性固形物含量,可溶性固形物含量呈现明显下降趋势（P<0.05）,从9.65%下降到8.19%,相对减少15.13%;果汁率、可食率、可滴定酸含量和TSS/TA没有明显变化。结论：在黄龙病菌浓度增加的情况下,琼中绿橙在果实外观、内在品质等多个指标呈现下降趋势。研究结果为定量评价黄龙病对柑橘果实的影响提供参考。     

绿肥翻压后减肥和基施控释肥对烟叶产质量和土壤肥力的影响

为研究绿肥（豌豆）翻压后合理施用肥料问题,采用田间小区试验,在翻压绿肥的基础上通过减少基肥用量和控释肥代替部分基肥,研究其对烟叶产量、产值和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,绿肥翻压可以提高低有机质土壤（有机质含量<10 g/kg）的有机质含量,对其他土壤化学性质无显著影响;绿肥翻压后将基肥减少15%和30%对烟叶产量、产值无显著影响,对烟叶化学成分无明显影响。在减少15%基肥后,将剩余基肥的50%以控释肥代替,可以显著提高烟叶产量和产值,提高烟叶钾含量和钾/氯比,改善烟叶品质。     

Agriculture Green Development: a model for China and the world

Realizing sustainable development has become a global priority. This holds, in particular, for agriculture. Recently, the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Nineteenth National People’s Congress has delivered a national strategy for sustainable development in China—realizing green development. The overall objective of Agriculture Green Development (AGD) is to coordinate “green” with “development” to realize the transformation of current agriculture with high resource consumption and high environmental costs into a green agriculture and countryside with high productivity, high resource use efficiency and low environmental impact. This is a formidable task, requiring joint efforts of government, farmers, industry, educators and researchers. The innovative concept for AGD will focus on reconstructing the whole crop-animal production and food production-consumption system, with the emphasis on high thresholds for environmental standards and food quality as well as enhanced human well-being. This paper addresses the significance, challenges, framework, pathways and potential solutions for realizing AGD in China, and highlights the potential changes that will lead to a more sustainable agriculture in the future. Proposals include interdisciplinary innovations, whole food chain improvement and regional solutions. The implementation of AGD in China will provide important implications for the countries in developmental transition, and contribute to global sustainable development.     

大湘西地区绿茶风味轮及其滋味类型判别模型构建

以湖南大湘西地区39份绿茶样本为材料,进行感官审评,绘制风味轮,并以主要滋味成分含量为基础建立滋味类型贝叶斯(Bayes)判别模型,旨在了解大湘西地区绿茶品质情况,并为提升大湘西地区绿茶品质提供参考。结果表明:大湘西地区绿茶品质优良,汤色以浅绿色居多;香气类型包括嫩香、嫩栗香、栗香和清香;滋味特征类型有鲜、爽、厚;在此基础上,构建了大湘西地区鲜爽型、醇浓型和其它型绿茶的判别函数,具有较好的准确性,可用于对大湘西地区绿茶滋味类型的预测。