宜昌市柑橘冻害发生的气象特点及柑橘不同品种在冻害中表现和冻后恢复比较

【研究目的】全球升温趋势之下,极端温度变幅加大和低温造成的灾害性天气频率不减反增,2008、2011和2012宜昌柑橘产区部分或大面积发生不同程度柑橘冻害。本研究旨在增强人们对于冻害发生天气情况的了解,为柑橘产区品种规划及防寒减灾提供参考资料【方法】通过对宜昌市夷陵区历次柑橘冻害发生的气象资料统计和冻后实际调研情况分析,对最近几年冻害发生过程中不同柑橘种类和品种的表现及冻后恢复情况进行比较。【结果】发现历次大冻均发生于1月5日至1月31日之间,冻害程度与低温强度及低温持续时间呈现正相关。比较了柚、杂柑、椪柑、温州蜜柑和甜橙等不同柑橘种类在冻害中的表现,结果表明,受冻程度由重到轻依次为：杂柑→柚类→橙类→椪柑→温州蜜柑,离大水体远的果园受冻严重;坡向、坡位对冻害程度有影响。冻后恢复情况与树体冻害程度和冻后恢复能力有关,甜橙和柚冻害较重,但恢复能力较强,椪柑受冻虽然较甜橙和柚为轻,但冻后恢复较慢,而温州蜜柑冻害发生轻、冻后恢复也最快。【结论】在柑橘栽培北缘地区,因地制宜选择适宜品种、合理进行规划布局对柑橘产业健康发展极为重要。     

提高北方寒地冬小麦越冬率机制初探

在黑龙江省北纬Ｎ４６～４８°区域试种冬小麦，五年试验表明，以高越冬率为指标，分蘖节处于可溶性糖等光合产物峰值区的分蘖盛期，为抗寒的最佳状态，分蘖盛期分蘖节可溶性糖含量的高低，亦可为品种抗寒性选择的评价尺度。由于根前区对低温比分蘖节更为敏感，使冬小麦根前区位于温度和对稳定的３０ｃｍ地层以下，应是采取适当栽培的调控措施的目的。     

邓恩桉在福建南平不同海拔区的生长调查

对延平区三乡镇邓恩桉遭遇两次历史低温后生长情况进行调查分析,结果表明不同海拔高度对邓恩桉生长影响显著。邓恩桉新造林对持续的低温很敏感,成林后其耐寒能力大大增强,但海拔较高的地区种植邓恩桉其蓄积量小于当地杉木、马尾松的蓄积量,这与邓恩桉本身的生物学特性有关。邓恩桉在海拔≤260m、土层厚≥80cm的Ⅰ、Ⅱ类缓坡地生长状态好,4a生邓恩桉平均蓄积量达31.8m3·hm-2。     

Exogenous Application of Abscisic Acid Improves Cold Tolerance in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea suffers cold stress (<10 °C) damage especially during reproductive phase resulting in the abortion of flowers and pods, poor pod set, and reduction in seed yield and seed quality. One of the ways in modifying cold tolerance involves exogenous treatment of the plants with chemicals having established role in cold tolerance. In the present study, the chickpea plants growing under optimum temperature conditions (28/12 °C, as average maximum and minimum temperature) were subjected to cold conditions of the field (10–12/2–4 °C; day/night as average maximum and minimum temperature) at the bud stage. Prior to exposure, these plants were treated exogenously with 10 μm abscisic acid (ABA) and thereafter again after 1 week of exposure. The stress injury measured in terms of increase in electrolyte leakage, decrease in 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction %, relative leaf water content and chlorophyll content was observed to be significantly mitigated in ABA-applied plants. A greater pollen viability, pollen germination, flower retention and pod set were noticed in ABA-treated plants compared with stressed plants. The seed yield showed considerable improvement in the plants treated with ABA relative to the stressed plants that was attributed to the increase in seed weight, greater number of single seeded pods and reduction in number of infertile pods. The oxidative damage measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances was lesser in ABA-treated plants that was associated with greater activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, ascorbic acid, glutathione and proline in these plants. It was concluded that cold stress effects were partly overcome by ABA treatment because of the improvement in water status of the leaves as well as the reduction in oxidative damage.     

棉铃虫滞育蛹的抗寒力

通过观察棉虫滞育蛹在低温０℃和５℃下的死亡率，比较其不同发育时期的抗寒力差异，结果表明，滞育蛹在眼点移动抗寒力较强，在眼点开始移动后抗寒力明显下降。     

南洋楹无性系抗寒性研究

【目的】南洋楹属典型热带树种,抗寒性较差,严重制约其推广应用。开展南洋楹无性系抗寒性评价,对于提高其造林成效、拓广其栽培区域具有重要意义。【方法】以生长较好的9个南洋楹无性系组培苗为研究对象,通过系列低温处理,观测幼苗叶片形态变化,分析测定叶片相对电导率(REC)、脯氨酸(PRO)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,揭示南洋楹无性系在低温胁迫下的生理响应,并进行无性系抗寒性评价。【结果】在2℃时,所有无性系均出现不同程度落叶;0℃时所有无性系均出现顶芽死亡,其抗寒性差异主要表现在0~2℃温度区间;9个无性系的REC随温度降低呈单调上升和先上升后下降再上升的2种变化趁势,属于后者的无性系抗寒性更强,0℃下S5、S7的REC最低;PRO含量随温度降低整体上呈现递增趁势,TL18、S7、S5、A8的PRO含量增幅最大,均在1倍以上;SOD活性在同一温度下无性系之间差异显著,但随温度降低无明显变化规律。应用REC进行聚类分析,将9个无性系分为3类,S7、S5、TL18抗寒性最强,A8抗寒性最差,其它6个无性系抗寒性居中。【结论】建议生产上推广S7、S5和TL18无性系。     

哈尔滨市三种冷季型草坪草滞尘能力的研究

草坪草作为城市绿化的构建材料,不仅在美化环境方面具有极高的应用价值,在改善城市生态环境方面也挥着重要的作用。以哈尔滨市道路绿化常用草种中的草地早熟禾、多年生黑麦草和紫羊茅为对象,对3种草种叶面解剖结构和滞尘能力进行测定,通过比较分析,发现不同草种间的滞尘能力与叶面结构形态的关系密切;在相同种植密度和面积的草坪上,滞尘量由高到低依次是多年生黑麦草、紫羊茅、草地早熟禾;滞尘量随时间增加呈现有限增长的趋势。     

Evaluation of cold resistance of ornamental species for planting as urban rooftop greening

Rooftop gardening or green roof establishment, one of the methods of afforestation for urban greening, has many benefits for the environment, the economy and urban landscapes. Various environmental stresses including heat, strong wind, sunshine and cold prevent most plants from growing well in extensive green roof systems. For the establishment of urban rooftop gardening in Beijing, we evaluated 13 ornamental plant species [Berberis thunbergii ‘Atropurea Nana’, Euonymus fortune (Turcz.) Hand., Viburnum dilatatum Thunb., Cotinus coggygria Scop., Swida alba Opiz., Weigela florida (Bunge.) A. DC., Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl., Euonymus japonicus Thunb., Euonymus japonicus ‘Cuzhi’, Buddleja davidii Franch., Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.) Li., Ligustrum lucidum Ait. and Spiraea salicifolia L.] for greening of flat rooftops. We obtained three indices concerning cold resistance, i.e., electrical conductivity of leaves, amounts of soluble sugars and amounts of free proline, providing a theoretical basis for selection of plants fit for roof and balcony greening. The results show that the six species P. fortuneana (Maxim.) Li., B. thunbergii ‘Atropurea Nana’, J. nudiflorum Lindl., E. fortune (Turcz.) Hand., E. japonicus Thunb. and E. japonicus ‘Cuzhi’ are excellent plants for rooftop gardening, judging from their strong ability in cold resistance. Plants such as L. lucidum Ait., C. coggygria Scop. and W. florida (Bunge) A. DC. showed a medium ability in cold resistance. However, these species can be used in roof and balcony greening after intensive management or acclimatization of variety. The ability to resist cold of plants such as W. florida (Bunge) A. DC., S. salicifolia L., V. rhytidophyllum and S. alba Opiz. (Cornus alba L.) was found to be rather weak. Therefore, cold-proof measures are recommended when using these species.