防除多花黑麦草等4种禾本科杂草的药剂活性测定

为了系统研究多花黑麦草、早熟禾、碱茅和棒头草等4种小麦田禾本科杂草的防除药剂活性,在温室内采用盆栽法研究了8种除草剂对小麦田多花黑麦草等4种禾本科杂草的生物活性。结果表明,乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)抑制剂啶磺草胺对早熟禾有很好的防除效果,田间推荐剂量下防效达到93.06%(防效均为田间推荐剂量下,下同),对碱茅、多花黑麦草和棒头草的效果也较好,防效在82.82%~86.89%之间,另2种ALS抑制剂氟唑磺隆和甲基二磺隆对早熟禾的防效较好,在61.27%~86.71%之间,但对其他3种杂草碱茅、棒头草和多花黑麦草的防效很差,防效仅在10.47%~29.43%之间。乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)抑制剂唑啉草酯、肟草酮和炔草酯对碱茅、棒头草和多花黑麦草的防效均较好,在85.41%~100.00%之间,但对早熟禾的防效均较差,在19.08%~60.69%之间;另一种ACC抑制剂精噁唑禾草灵对棒头草防效为99.60%,对碱茅和多花黑麦草防效分别为72.00%和55.00%,对早熟禾仅为16.18%;植物光合系统Ⅱ抑制剂异丙隆对早熟禾、棒头草和碱茅的防效均较好,田间推荐剂量下防效在88.15%~96.53%之间,对多花黑麦草的效果略差,为67.43%。     

Karrikins promote germination of physiologically dormant seeds of Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (boneseed)

Physiological dormancy in weed species has significant implications for weed management, as viable seeds may persist in soil seedbanks for many years. The major stimulatory compound in smoke, karrikinolide (KAR₁), promotes germination in a range of physiologically dormant weed species allowing targeted eradication methods to be employed. Control of Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (boneseed), a Weed of National Significance in Australia, may benefit from adopting such an approach. In this study, we hypothesised that seeds of C. monilifera ssp. monilifera exhibit physiological dormancy, germinate more rapidly as dormancy is alleviated, show fluctuations in sensitivity to KAR₁ and form a persistent soil seedbank. Seeds responded to 1 μM KAR₁ (40–60% germination) even during months (i.e. March, April, July, August) when seeds were observed to be more deeply dormant (control germination: 7–20%). Seeds germinated readily over a range of cooler temperatures (i.e. 10, 15, 20, 20/10 and 25/15°C) and were responsive to KAR₂ (~50% germination) as well. Eradication efforts for C. monilifera ssp. monilifera may benefit from use of karrikins to achieve synchronised germination from soil seedbanks, even at times of the year when C. monilifera ssp. monilifera seeds would be less likely to germinate, allowing more rapid depletion of the soil seedbank and targeted control of young plants.     

几种除草剂对冬麦田杂草的防除效果

通过田间药效试验,比较不同除草剂对当前南疆地区冬麦田播娘蒿、萹蓄、硬草等杂草的防除效果,为科学、安全、高效应用除草剂提供依据。结果表明,药后50 d,10％苯磺隆可湿性粉剂18．0 g a．i．／hm2＋5％唑啉草酯·炔草酯乳油37．5 g a．i．／hm2、75％苯磺隆水分散粒剂18．0 g a．i．／hm2＋10％乙羧氟草醚乳油12．0 g a．i．／hm2＋5％唑啉草酯·炔草酯乳油37．5 g a．i．／hm2、37％炔·苄·唑草酮可湿性粉剂166．5 g a．i．／hm2对播娘蒿的株防效、鲜质量防效均为100％,对萹蓄的鲜质量防效均在92％以上,对硬草的株防效、鲜质量防效均在88％以上,且对小麦生长安全。     

Biological control of Rumex obtusifolius and Rumex crispus by goat grazing

Rumex obtusifolius and Rumex crispus are problematic grassland weedy species, particularly under conditions of organic farming. They are avoided by cattle and horses, but they can be grazed by goats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of continuous goat grazing of moderate intensity on R. obtusifolius and R. crispus control. In 2008, 40 seedlings of each species were transplanted into pasture that was grazed by goats (crossbreed Czech white × Czech brown) on the target sward height of 7–10 cm. The number of leaves, proportion of grazed leaves and mortality of plants were monitored over the following 4 years. The number of leaves per plant was higher for R. obtusifolius than for R. crispus. The maximal number of leaves per plant of R. obtusifolius and R. crispus was 10 and 5, respectively. The proportion of grazed leaves was generally higher for R. obtusifolius than for R. crispus and ranged from 10% to 80%. No fertile plant was recorded during the experiment, as goat grazing totally prevented the flowering of both species. The level of mortality of the plants at the start of the fourth grazing season was 70% and 87% for R. obtusifolius and R. crispus, respectively, and no plant survived the fourth grazing season. It was concluded that continuous goat grazing of a moderate intensity that is carried out over 4 years seems to be an effective method for the non‐chemical control of R. obtusifolius and R. crispus in grassland.     

大穗看麦娘化学防控田间效果评价

大穗看麦娘在欧洲是一种分布广泛、危害巨大的禾本科杂草,在我国仅在台湾有报道分布,但目前在我国黄淮海区域已经有分布,为新的入侵危害杂草,其化学防控技术未见系统报道。本研究特选择小麦田常用防除禾本科杂草的8种除草剂,于2013-2014年度在大穗看麦娘为优势杂草的冬小麦田,分别于冬前、冬季低温及春季小麦返青初期3个时期施药,以期明确各除草剂对大穗看麦娘的田间防除效果、最佳使用时间及对冬小麦的安全性。试验结果表明,啶磺草胺不同时期施药,对大穗看麦娘均有很好的防控效果,鲜重防效达到97.1%~100.0%;甲基二磺隆在不同时期施药也有很好的效果,在80.1%~98.6%之间;唑啉草酯冬前施药效果优,但冬季低温和春季返青初期施药效果较差,3次施药鲜重防效分别在99.3%~99.9%,74.1%~88.9%和46.2%~75.8%之间;炔草酯、精噁唑禾草灵于冬前施药和冬后返青初期施药效果均较好,效果在81.1%~96.8%之间,但冬季低温施药效果差,防效在41.4%~76.0%之间;其他几种药剂氟唑磺隆、肟草酮、异丙隆3次时期施药对大穗看麦娘效果均较差。     

Importance of timing and repetition of stubble cultivation for post‐harvest control of Elymus repens

Without herbicides, the control of Elymus repens relies on intensive tillage, often in the form of repeated post‐harvest stubble cultivations followed by ploughing. This is costly and time‐consuming and also increases the risk of nitrogen leaching. Our aim was to quantify the controlling effect on E. repens of single and repeated cultivation and differing time of cultivation in relation to spring cereal harvest. A 2‐year experiment was conducted at two sites in the south and east of Sweden in 2011–2012 and 2012–2013. We compared no, single and repeated tine cultivation followed by mouldboard ploughing; the single cultivation was performed directly after harvest or 20 days after harvest; when repeated, the first cultivation was performed immediately or 5 days after harvest, followed by a second cultivation 20 days after harvest. Tine cultivation in combination with mouldboard ploughing resulted in 50–70% lower rhizome biomass, and increased average subsequent cereal yields by 0–130% compared with ploughing alone. Large E. repens populations appeared to be more efficiently reduced by tine cultivation than smaller populations. A single tine cultivation 20 days after harvest tended to result in a higher E. repens shoot density and more rhizome biomass in the subsequent year than tine cultivation directly after harvest. Additional cultivation 20 days after harvest did not improve control of E. repens or the subsequent cereal grain yield, compared with a single cultivation conducted directly after harvest. In conclusion, preventing the growth of E. repens during the early part of the post‐harvest autumn period was more important than starving rhizomes with repeated cultivations.     

Evaluation of six commonly used reference genes for gene expression studies in herbicide‐resistant Avena fatua biotypes

Avena fatua of the family Poaceae is one of the most common and economically damaging grass weeds. Resistance to herbicides that inhibit acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase and acetolactate synthase activities has recently been detected in A. fatua. The resistance may be due to mutations in the herbicide targets and/or enhanced herbicide metabolism resulting from changes in gene expression, including in genes involved in detoxifying herbicide active ingredients. To analyse gene expression, stable housekeeping genes must be experimentally determined and used for data normalisation. In this study, A. fatua plants were treated with different herbicide types and plant materials were harvested at three time points following treatment. Six candidate reference genes (18S rRNA, ACT, EF1α, GAPDH, TBP, and TUB) were selected, sequenced and analysed by RT‐qPCR. The resulting data were assessed using four algorithms from the RefFinder software to determine gene expression stability. We identified TBP and GAPDH as the most stably expressed A. fatua reference genes following herbicide treatment.     

不同除草剂对水稻水直播田杂草的防除效果及安全性评价

于2014年水稻生长季选择10种常用的水稻直播田除草剂在安徽省马鞍山市当涂县水稻田进行田间试验,研究不同时期施用不同除草剂对直播稻田杂草的防除效果及对水稻产量和安全性的影响。结果表明:水稻5叶1心时施用11%噁唑·五氟磺可分散油悬浮剂、水稻3叶1心时施用21%苄·五氟·氰氟草油悬浮剂和6%五氟·氰氟草可分散油悬浮剂均可高效防除直播稻田禾本科杂草、莎草科杂草和阔叶杂草,总草株防效和鲜重防效均在90%以上。测产结果表明,以上3种药剂对水稻的增产率较高,分别为22.4%、22.1%和21.7%。3种药剂在水稻生长期施用没有产生药害,起到了稳产、增收的作用。     

21%氯氨吡啶酸水剂对不同生育期黄花棘豆的防控效果及对草地植被的影响

在黄花棘豆的不同生育期(返青期、现蕾期和初花期)以不同浓度的21%氯氨吡啶酸水剂对天然草地进行喷施,探讨其对黄花棘豆的防控效果和对草地植被的影响。结果表明,21%氯氨吡啶酸水剂对于黄花棘豆有很强的灭除效果:喷施后15d,85%的植株表现出明显药害症状;喷施后35d,92.5%的植株药害等级达到4级。喷施后75d,125.0mL/hm2处理的株防效可达85%以上;187.5mL/hm2处理的株防效可达95%。在鲜重防效方面,高浓度和低浓度处理都可达95%以上的防控效果。不同喷施时期和喷施浓度对于草地其他植物和草产量的影响存在明显差异。对于双子叶植物,高浓度和低浓度喷施水平下其草产量都明显降低,分别降低52.5%和40.3%,降低趋势为返青期现蕾期初花期。单子叶植物受21%氯氨吡啶酸水剂的影响不同于双子叶植物:高浓度喷施,所有处理组草产量都显著降低,平均降低18.7%;低浓度喷施时,返青期草产量降低26.3%,现蕾期和初花期草产量增加,分别增加1.0%和10.6%。对草地植被的调查表明,21%氯氨吡啶酸水剂喷施后草地单位面积植物种数、盖度和植物多样性都有明显的降低。