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841.
M R RYAN R G SMITH D A MORTENSEN J R TEASDALE† W S CURRAN R SEIDEL‡ & D L SHUMWAY§ 《Weed Research》2009,49(6):572-580
Experiments comparing conventional and organic systems often report similar yields despite substantially higher weed abundance in the organic systems. A potential explanation for this observation is that weed–crop competition relationships differ between the two types of systems. We analysed weed and crop yield data from the Rodale Institute Farming Systems Trial (FST), which provides a unique 27-year dataset of a conventional (CNV) and two organic [manure (MNR) and legume (LEG)] soyabean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and maize ( Zea mays L.) cropping systems. Average soyabean yields were similar between the MNR and CNV systems and only slightly reduced in the LEG system, whereas average maize yields did not differ among systems despite the two organic systems having more than four and six times greater weed biomass in soyabean and maize respectively. Plot-level weed biomass–crop yield relationships indicated that weed–crop competition differed between the two organic and CNV systems in maize, and was strongest in the CNV system, intermediate in the LEG system and weakest in the MNR system. These results suggest that organic cropping systems may be able to tolerate a greater abundance of weeds compared to conventional systems and that fertility management within organic systems may influence weed–crop competition. 相似文献
842.
草必净防除马铃薯田杂草试验研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
试验结果表明,草必净防除马铃薯田杂草,在用药量170~260 mL/667 m2范围内,对马铃薯的生长发育没有影响,可有效地防除反枝苋、马齿苋、无芒稗、曼陀罗、藜等杂草。施药后30 d,总株防效为87.51%~97.11%;施药后45 d,总株防效为90.60%~98.26%,总鲜重防效为89.31%~97.74%。草必净在马铃薯田防除杂草最佳用药量为200 m/667 m2。 相似文献
843.
844.
新疆天然草地毒草灾害、地理分布与防控对策 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
新疆天然草地是少数民族地区畜牧业发展的物质基础,也是维持新疆自然生态坏境的重要组成部分。但长期以来,由于草地干旱、严重超载放牧、盲目开垦、人口增长等自然和人为因素的影响,以及草地基础设施建设投入不足和管理滞后,草地逆向演替,使得优良牧草逐年减少,毒草趁机大量繁衍滋生,造成草地大面积沙化和毒草化,致使大量家畜每年因误食毒草而中毒,甚至死亡。特别是近几十年来,草地毒草的迅速蔓延,造成草地植被群落和生物多样性减少,植被单一化,可食牧草急剧减少、草产量下降,草地退化和毒草化程度加剧。严重制约了草地畜牧业经济的持续发展,部分牧区天然草地毒草化已导致毒害草灾害多发、频发,甚至爆发,已经从基本的生态学问题上升为一个社会问题。新疆是中国主要牧区之一,天然草地总面积5 725.88万hm2,可利用草地面积4 800.68万hm2,位居全国第三。目前85.0%可利用天然草地出现不同程度的退化,37.50%草地严重退化,毒草发生面积接近700万hm2,约占全国天然草地毒草危害面积的20.42%,年平均牲畜毒草中毒死亡数超过3 000余头(只)。新疆天然草地常见有毒植物有81种分属24科54属,对草地畜牧业造成严重危害的主要有白喉乌头、准噶尔乌头、醉马芨芨草、小花棘豆、变异黄芪、无叶假木贼、马先蒿、橐吾和毒芹,约占毒草危害总面积的80%以上。因此,全面了解新疆天然草地毒草灾害状况、毒草种类与地理分布,对有效防控和化解毒草危害,提高草地生产力和牧草品质,促进牧区畜牧业的可持续发展和农牧民增收,繁荣边疆少数民族经济,维护生态环境平衡具有重要意义。本文在对已报道文献资料分析、归纳的基础上,结合课题组对新疆天然草地毒草实际调查情况,分别就近年来新疆天然草地毒草对区域草地生态及畜牧业生产造成的灾害状况、毒草种类与地理分布、毒草防控对策及合理利用进行综述。在此基础上,结合课题组多年来致力于中国西部毒草防控研究现状,分析了新疆天然草地目前存在毒草种类繁多、灾害严重、防治困难等问题及原因,提出应从生态角度出发,转变传统防除观念,科学认识毒草,立足“变害为利,变废为宝”,生态保护与开发利用并重的思路,学习借鉴美国等发达国家在有毒植物预防控制技术方面的成功经验,以生态控制为主多种手段相结合的综合防控技术预防毒草灾害发生,以期为人们充分认识毒草在天然草地中的生态作用以及有效防控毒草灾害提供基础资料。 相似文献
845.
为明确直播早稻田间主要杂草群落组成及发生趋势,指导农民科学使用除草剂。采用“W”型五点取样法对象山县直播早稻田杂草群落开展调查。结果表明直播早稻田杂草共有5科14种,以千金子、稗草为主要杂草,禾本科、莎草科及阔叶杂草分别占杂草出草总量的73.2%、13.6%和13.2%。播种后3-4天禾本科杂草开始萌发,特别是稗草出草较早,播后7-14天莎草科、阔叶杂草开始萌发。播后28天,出现第一个出草高峰,杂草总量达427株/m2,主要为禾本科杂草,占总出草量的82.7%。播后42d时出现出草高峰趋势,达到364株/m2,主要是阔叶杂草和莎草科杂草大量萌发。 相似文献
846.
研究芒果炭疽病菌对咪鲜胺的敏感性,以期为该病的综合防治提供参考。从国内及国外芒果产区采集病样,分离、纯化芒果炭疽菌菌株,采用生长速率法测定芒果炭疽病菌对咪鲜胺的敏感性。结果表明,分离获得的116株芒果炭疽病菌菌株对咪鲜胺的EC50值为0.000 8~0.073 9μg/mL,平均值为0.012 4μg/mL,EC50最大值是最小值的92.4倍。不同采集地区和采集部位菌株对咪鲜胺的敏感性不同,美国夏威夷的菌株敏感性最低,广东的最高;分离自叶片的菌株敏感性最高,果实的最低。芒果炭疽病菌对咪鲜胺具有较高的敏感性,生产上仍具有较高的使用价值,但不同菌株的敏感性之间具有一定差异性,存在潜在的抗性风险。 相似文献
847.
In Europe, sugar beet is often produced in a 3‐year rotation with cereals, leaving stubble fields fallow from cereal harvest until primary tillage in autumn in the year prior to sugar beet production. The weed flora on such fields could include host plants of Heterodera schachtii that is one of the most important pests of sugar beet. Crop sequences with non‐hosts and cover cropping with resistant cruciferous hosts during this period have been crucial for its management. Availability of resistant and tolerant sugar beet cultivars could entice growers to forego cover cropping, exacerbating weed problems during the fallow period. The objective of this study was to determine the reproductive potential of H. schachtii on weeds that develop during this period. Under glasshouse conditions, reproduction on 39 plant species was compared with that on oilseed radish and sugar beet of differing nematode host status. In 2 years in field microplots, 18 previously tested species were grown in H. schachtii‐infested soil during the typical fallow period at 60 plants m?2, and nine of these species were also grown at 180 plants m?2. There were variable results between years after 8 weeks of growth, but most weeds allowed lower reproduction (<10%) than the susceptible sugar beet; only Stellaria media at 180 plants m?2 and Thlaspi arvense at both plant densities increased nematodes. Such weed densities may seldom occur under commercial conditions; thus, weed management for nematological considerations during the stubble period may have limited importance. 相似文献
848.
防除多花黑麦草等4种禾本科杂草的药剂活性测定 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为了系统研究多花黑麦草、早熟禾、碱茅和棒头草等4种小麦田禾本科杂草的防除药剂活性,在温室内采用盆栽法研究了8种除草剂对小麦田多花黑麦草等4种禾本科杂草的生物活性。结果表明,乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)抑制剂啶磺草胺对早熟禾有很好的防除效果,田间推荐剂量下防效达到93.06%(防效均为田间推荐剂量下,下同),对碱茅、多花黑麦草和棒头草的效果也较好,防效在82.82%~86.89%之间,另2种ALS抑制剂氟唑磺隆和甲基二磺隆对早熟禾的防效较好,在61.27%~86.71%之间,但对其他3种杂草碱茅、棒头草和多花黑麦草的防效很差,防效仅在10.47%~29.43%之间。乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)抑制剂唑啉草酯、肟草酮和炔草酯对碱茅、棒头草和多花黑麦草的防效均较好,在85.41%~100.00%之间,但对早熟禾的防效均较差,在19.08%~60.69%之间;另一种ACC抑制剂精噁唑禾草灵对棒头草防效为99.60%,对碱茅和多花黑麦草防效分别为72.00%和55.00%,对早熟禾仅为16.18%;植物光合系统Ⅱ抑制剂异丙隆对早熟禾、棒头草和碱茅的防效均较好,田间推荐剂量下防效在88.15%~96.53%之间,对多花黑麦草的效果略差,为67.43%。 相似文献
849.
Physiological dormancy in weed species has significant implications for weed management, as viable seeds may persist in soil seedbanks for many years. The major stimulatory compound in smoke, karrikinolide (KAR1), promotes germination in a range of physiologically dormant weed species allowing targeted eradication methods to be employed. Control of Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (boneseed), a Weed of National Significance in Australia, may benefit from adopting such an approach. In this study, we hypothesised that seeds of C. monilifera ssp. monilifera exhibit physiological dormancy, germinate more rapidly as dormancy is alleviated, show fluctuations in sensitivity to KAR1 and form a persistent soil seedbank. Seeds responded to 1 μM KAR1 (40–60% germination) even during months (i.e. March, April, July, August) when seeds were observed to be more deeply dormant (control germination: 7–20%). Seeds germinated readily over a range of cooler temperatures (i.e. 10, 15, 20, 20/10 and 25/15°C) and were responsive to KAR2 (~50% germination) as well. Eradication efforts for C. monilifera ssp. monilifera may benefit from use of karrikins to achieve synchronised germination from soil seedbanks, even at times of the year when C. monilifera ssp. monilifera seeds would be less likely to germinate, allowing more rapid depletion of the soil seedbank and targeted control of young plants. 相似文献
850.
几种除草剂对冬麦田杂草的防除效果 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过田间药效试验,比较不同除草剂对当前南疆地区冬麦田播娘蒿、萹蓄、硬草等杂草的防除效果,为科学、安全、高效应用除草剂提供依据。结果表明,药后50 d,10%苯磺隆可湿性粉剂18.0 g a.i./hm2+5%唑啉草酯·炔草酯乳油37.5 g a.i./hm2、75%苯磺隆水分散粒剂18.0 g a.i./hm2+10%乙羧氟草醚乳油12.0 g a.i./hm2+5%唑啉草酯·炔草酯乳油37.5 g a.i./hm2、37%炔·苄·唑草酮可湿性粉剂166.5 g a.i./hm2对播娘蒿的株防效、鲜质量防效均为100%,对萹蓄的鲜质量防效均在92%以上,对硬草的株防效、鲜质量防效均在88%以上,且对小麦生长安全。 相似文献